HSC4558 exam with correct answers 2024

Health conditions in young adulthood may a. All of these choices b. Define social, vocational, and occupational goals c. Decrease independence d. Inhibit efforts by an individual to build intimate relationships - answers-a. All of these choices What does the medical model emphasize? a. Psychological factors b. Equity and rights c. Functionality d. Pathology and diagnosis - answers-d. Pathology and diagnosis A key component of the societal model is: a. Equality b. Becoming popular c. Economics d. Correct diagnosis - answers-a. Equality The biopsychosocial model was proposed as an alternative to prevailing (blank) and (blank) models a. Medical and personal b. Medical and social c. Medical and environmental d. Social and health - answers-b. Medical and social Which statement is FALSE about the ICF? a. The current version considers function, impairment, and handicap as key constructs. b. It considers the impact of the environment on the individual. c. It focuses on the continuum of function and health conditions. d. It is an international standard for describing health domains. - answers-a. The current version considers function, impairment, and handicap as key constructs. About ninety percent of people with MS have periods of a. Excitability and euphoria b. Fatigue and hyperactivity c. Pain and paresthesias d. Exacerbation and remission - answers-d. Exacerbation and remission What might assist someone with moderate symptoms due to MS? a. Antidepressants b. Energy conservation c. Strengthening exercises d. All of the answers - answers-d. All of the answers Anatomically speaking, MS is a (blank) problem. a. Vascular b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Contagion d. Myelin - answers-d. Myelin Shawna has had MS for several years and is dealing with pain when engaging in ADLs. What recommendation might assist her? a. Recommend that she engage only in passive activities such as reading and playing cards to enable her to perform ADLs. b. Recommend appropriate assistive devices and performing ADLs in a cool, climate-controlled environment. c. Inform her that her pain will go into remission during the course of the disease d. Recommend intense strengthening exercises to perform until thoroughly exhausted to improve her endurance and ability to engage in ADLs - answers-b. Recommend appropriate assistive devices and performing ADLs in a cool, climate-controlled environment. Which of the following sensitives are experienced in many individuals with multiple sclerosis? a. Sensitivity to touch b. Sensitivity to heat c. Sensitivity to light d. Sensitivity to noise - answers-b. Sensitivity to heat Which symptom is most common in individuals with multiple sclerosis? a. Restlessness b. Hearing difficulties c. Bouts of euphoria d. Fatigue - answers-d. Fatigue Which statement is true regarding multiple sclerosis? a. Excessive fatigue and over-exhaustion should be avoided. b. Intense exercise is needed to counteract symptoms. c. It is an acute condition that can be remedied with corticosteroids. d. Depression is rarely an issue. - answers-a. Excessive fatigue and over-exhaustion should be avoided. Individuals with multiple sclerosis may experience ataxia, which presents as a. Difficulty with coordination and balance b. Muscle spasms c. Changes in voice quality d. Difficulty in speaking - answers-a. Difficulty with coordination and balance Which MS course is a new category and may be a warning for impending MS? a. Primary progressive b. Clinically isolated c. Secondary progressive d. Relapsing/remitting - answers-b. Clinically isolated Mrs. E has type 1 diabetes and works in a factory in which swing shifts are sometimes required. You have been asked to evaluate any specific accommodations or restrictions that should be considered if she is to continue working. Because of her condition and her work, you would recommend that: a. She should be on a work schedule that is as regular as possible due to the need for balancing energy, food, and insulin requirements b. There are no restrictions to consider in an occupational environment. c. She should be referred for disability insurance since she probably will be unable to continue work. d. She should be chaperoned at work in case something happens - answers-a. She should be on a work schedule which is as regular as possible due to the need for balancing energy, food, and insulin requirements Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower-limb amputation a. True b. False - answers-a. True Which is a true statement regarding diabetes a. Insulin deficiency is indicative of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus b. People with pre-diabetes comprise -40% of the population in Florida c. Severe hypoglycemia can be treated with an insulin injection - answers-b. People with pre-diabetes comprise -40% of the population in Florida Which of the following are common signs that someone might exhibit before being diagnosed with diabetes? a. Oliguria, dysphasia, polydipsia b. Nocturia, aphasia, tetany c. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia d. Glycosuria, dysphagia, neuropathy - answers-c. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia The Islets of Langerhans are special cells embedded in the: a. Pancreas b. Gallbladder c. Liver d. Kidney - answers-a. Pancreas In addition to injections of insulin, treatment for type I Diabetes Mellitus without additional physiological complications typically includes: a. Oral insulin to supplement injected insulin b. Dietary regulation c. kidney dialysis d. regular injections of pain medication - answers-b. Dietary regulation Mrs. A has type II diabetes mellitus. This differs from type I diabetes mellitus in that: a. No injected insulin will ever be required. b. Loss of weight and careful monitoring of diet alone may, at times, be enough to control the disease. c. Insulin can be taken orally. d. There are no serious consequences of the disease. - answers-b. Loss of weight and careful monitoring of diet alone may, at times, be enough to control the disease. Conditions that increase metabolic rate may alter insulin requirements a. True b. False - answers-a. True - conditions like pregnancy and intense exercise have an impact ______ _______ may result in pain, tingling, or loss of sensation in the extremities due to nerve damage as complication of diabetes - answers-Peripheral neuropathy Which age group has the highest risk of HIV infection? 45 to 59 year olds 25 to 34 year olds 34 to 45 year olds 15 to 20 year olds - answers-25 to 34 year olds Which is an accurate statement about a definition for AIDS? a. Manifests when CD4 count is less than 200 cells per milliliter of blood b. Occurs at the time of having a positive blood test c. Manifest when person is in Stage 2 d. Manifests when person is in Stage 1 only - answers-a. Manifests when CD4 count is less than 200 cells per milliliter of blood Which is NOT a COMMON mode of HIV transmission? a. Sharing needles b. Biting c. Anal intercourse d. Vaginal intercourse - answers-b. Biting Which is NOT a symptom of HIV? a. Agitation and aggression b. Fever and chills c. Weight loss d. Persistent fatigue - answers-a. Agitation and aggression Which of the following is NOT true about an "undetectable viral load"? a. It can be achieved through ART b. It means that the level of HIV is too low to be detected c. It creates effectively no risk of transmission through sexual contact d. It means a person is cured of HIV - answers-d. It means a person is cured of HIV Why might a person with Acute HIV Syndrome (Stage 1) be likely to transmit the infection to others? a. They have a high viral load. b. All of these choices. c. They may not know that they are infected. d. They may be asymptomatic. - answers-b. All of these choices. The CDC recommends that groups at high risk for HIV infection should be screened for HIV: a. Annually b. Every 6 months c. Every 2 years d. Every three months - answers-a. Annually Contact with tears or sweat alone does not result in HIV transmission. a. True b. False - answers-a. True At which stage of HIV is a person most likely to get an opportunistic infection? Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 1 Stage 2 - answers-Stage 3 The cells that are destroyed by HIV are called _____________. T-helper lymphocytes CD4 cells All of these choices White blood cells - answers-All of these choices Seizures are classified according to (blank) a. The frequency of seizure activity b. The length of the seizure c. Concurring morbidity d. The location aberrant electrical activity and type of seizure - answers-d. The location aberrant electrical activity and type of seizure Which of the following is a primary diagnostic tool for evaluating individuals after seizures? Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) High contrast CT scan The Glasgow Coma Scale Electroencephalography (EEG) - answers-Electroencephalography (EEG) Jerry is in his 30s and knows that he has some sort of genetic disease that is progressive and disabling. He has had trouble thinking clearly and forgets that he is married. His walking is also impaired as he is moving slower than usual and experiences jerky movements that he can't control. What is a possible diagnosis? a. MS b. ALS c. HIV/AIDS d. Huntington's - answers-d. Huntington's Everyone with epilepsy has seizures, but not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy a. True b. False - answers-a. True Which of the following is NOT a component of the management program for individuals with ALS? a. Occupational therapy b. Behavior management techniques c. Speech therapy d. Medications to reduce spasticity - answers-b. Behavior management techniques ____________ are involuntary contractions or twitching of muscle fibers. a. Thrombosis b. Fasciculations c. Fibroids d. Deliriums - answers-b. Fasciculations You have a patient who is becoming increasingly weak, having difficulty breathing and recently aspirated some chicken soup. He is cognitively intact and is worried about his condition. What is a possible diagnosis? a. Huntington's b. Epilepsy c. None of the above d. ALS - answers-d. ALS A term for jerky, involuntary movements - answers-chorea Testicular cancer is relatively a. Common b. Rare c. Fatal d. Undetectable - answers-b. Rare (blank) is when a tubular device is inserted into ANY hollow organ or cavity to visualize the inside of the structure directly. a. Colonoscopy b. Endoscopy c. Laparoscopy d. Cytology - answers-b. Endoscopy All of the following are types of surgery associated with breast cancer except: a. Partial mastectomy b. Lumpectomy c. Lobectomy d. Radical mastectomy - answers-c. Lobectomy Sarcoma is the cancer of - answers-The bone muscle, or other connective tissues Which of the following statements are accurate regarding the cause of cancer? a. There are many factors that influence cancer b. Some viruses and environmental contaminants are known to increase the risks of cancer development c. All of these choices are correct d. The exact cause of most cancers is unknown - answers-c. All of these choices are correct Your patient has the most serious type of skin cancer which has spread to other areas. What is the suspected cancer name and stage? a. Basal cell; stage 2 b. Squamous cell; stage 3 c. Melanoma; in situ d. Melanoma; stage 4 - answers-d. Melanoma; stage 4 When using the TNM system for staging, what does the M stand for? - answers-Metastasis This type of gynecologic cancer is detected through a Pap smear. - answers-Cervical cancer Malignant tumors... a. Have cells that closely resemble normal cells in the tissue from which they are multiplied b. Usually grow slowly, do not invade surrounding tissue, and remain localized c. Are capable of destructive growth, have the ability to invade surrounding tissues, and can move to other parts of the body d. Are noncancerous - answers-c. Are capable of destructive growth, have the ability to invade surrounding tissues, and can move to other parts of the body With____, high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and prevent them from growing and reproducing a. Bone marrow transplantation b. Radiation therapy c. Chemotherapy d. Radical surgical procedures - answers-b. Radiation therapy Which of the following is a common cause of cerebral hemorrhage? a. Uncontrolled hypertension b. Infections c. Embolism d. Carbon monoxide poisoning - answers-a. Uncontrolled hypertension Mr. Sanchez is admitted unconscious and has now become responsive. During assessment the nurse notes that Mr. Sanhes is having difficulty recognizing his surroundings. A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the presumed diagnosis. The nurse understands that at this time Mr. Sanchez is likely to be experienced (blank). a. Aphasia b. Alexia c. Apraxia d. Agnosia - answers-d. Agnosia What is another term for transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)? Paresthesia Hemorrhagic strokes Apraxia Mini-strokes - answers-Mini-strokes Ms. Teake has a lesion in her occipital lobe. What typically is affected in this region? Vision Speech production Emotions and self-control Balance and coordination - answers-Vision What is the most visible sign of right-sided brain damage? a. Left-sided motor and sensory paralysis b. Language difficulties c. Difficulty reading d. Right-sided motor and sensory paralysis - answers-a. Left-sided motor and sensory paralysis Mr. Jones is having extreme difficulty understanding verbal and written language and is not able to express himself after experiencing a stroke. What is this communication difficulty called? a. Dysphasia b. Global Aphasia c. Receptive aphasia d. Dysarthria - answers-b. Global Aphasia According to the American Stroke Association, what percentage of stroke are preventable? a. 100% b. 50% c. 80% d. 20% - answers-c. 80% Which of the following is a common cause of an ischemic stroke? a. Weakened blood vessels b. Thrombus c. Ruptured aneurysm d. Penetrating brain injury - answers-b. Thrombus Which is the best statement in describing disability? a. A universal occurrence in ~20% of the US population. b. An unfortunate situation in which the person is limited in engaging in life's activities. c. A challenging situation that can be overcome with lots of rehabs. d. A positive experience as many people should be thankful to be alive. - answers-a. A universal occurrence in ~20% of the US population. Nora thinks she has symptoms of MS. Her physician has ordered a spinal tap and an MRI to aid in diagnosis. She may need to be on medication to decrease her symptoms. This is a good example of the a. biopsychosocial model b. social model c. medical model d. all of the above - answers-c. medical model Which is/are examples of participation restriction? a. inability to grasp and release with dominant hand b. inability to obtain employment c. inability to think abstractly d. inability to obtain necessary social services due to aphasia - answers-b. inability to obtain employment Ryan is 14 years old and was recently diagnosed with diabetes. He needs to take insulin to manage his condition. He is not overweight and has no familial history of diabetes. What type of diabetes might he have? a. gestational b. prediabetes c. Type 1 d. Type 2 - answers-c. Type 1 Which are possible tests used to diagnose diabetes? a. urinalysis b. A1c c. glucose tolerance test d. EKG e. MRI - answers-a. urinalysis b. A1c c. glucose tolerance test Which are lifestyle changes that might decrease the risk of developing diabetes? a. exercise b. prescription drugs c. weight loss for everyone d. eating less carbs and sugars e. avoiding processed foods f. stress management g. sleep reduction - answers-a. exercise d. eating less carbs and sugars e. avoiding processed foods f. stress management Identify which of the following are the most common problems due to diabetes: a. retinopathy, tinnitus, aneurysm b. peripheral neuropathy, stroke, heart disease c. nephropathy, corneal abrasions, mitral valve prolapse d. cataracts, decubiti, kidney stones - answers-b. peripheral neuropathy, stroke, heart disease There is an ABCs of diabetes. What do you think the ABCs represent? a. atrophy, blood pressure, complications, stop smoking b. A1c, blood pressure, cardiac issues, stop drinking alcohol c. A1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, stop smoking d. anoxia, blurred vision, cardiac issues, stop drinking alcohol - answers-c. A1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, stop smoking Anne experienced remissions and relapses. Which statements are true? a. Remission means a temporary recovery. b. Remission means a return to previous functioning and great alleviation of symptoms c. Relapse means a return to usual functioning d. Relapse and remission mean the same thing e. Relapse is equivalent to an exacerbation - answers-a. Remission means a temporary recovery. b. Remission means a return to previous functioning and great alleviation of symptoms e. Relapse is equivalent to an exacerbation Is MS obvious and clear to diagnose upon initial patient evaluation? a. Yes, the symptoms are common and easily identified as being MS b. Yes, physicians can determine an MS diagnosis based on accurate patient report without other testing c. No, a combination of tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis d. No, it is rare to be able to accurately diagnose MS - answers-c. No, a combination of tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis What triggers do you think lead to relapse in people with MS? a. cold, sufficient sleep, pain b. stress, fatigue, infections, heat c. stress, medications, life balance d. heat, pain, too much rest, inactivity - answers-b. stress, fatigue, infections, heat Mr. Z. is a 55-year-old man with advanced HIV infection. Which of the following major complications might he experience? (Choose all that apply.) a. Opportunistic infections b. Increased risk of pulmonary/cardiac disease c. Weight gain d. Side effects of antiretroviral therapy e. Type 1 diabetes f. Dementia and neurocognitive disorders - answers-a. Opportunistic infections b. Increased risk of pulmonary/cardiac disease d. Side effects of antiretroviral therapy f. Dementia and neurocognitive disorders Why was there a large decline in AIDS- related deaths in the late 1990s? a. cure for AIDS was discovered b. creation of antiretroviral therapy c. less reporting due to stigma of disease d. better understanding on how to avoid AIDS - answers-b. creation of antiretroviral therapy Ryan White was an adolescent who was an effective advocate for AIDS funding. How was he infected by AIDS? a. unprotected sexual encounter b. sharing needles with a friend c. factor replacement infusion d. sharing a razor with a friend - answers-c. factor replacement infusion Which statements are TRUE about HIV/AIDS? a. there are 4 stages b. there is no good test for identifying HIV/AIDS c. it can be a death sentence if people don't take their meds d. might not know you have HIV until very late due to mild/no symptoms - answers-c. it can be a death sentence if people don't take their meds d. might not know you have HIV until very late due to mild/no symptoms Which of the following condition(s) below cause impairments in cognition and reasoning? a. Epilepsy b. ALS c. Huntington's Disease - answers-c. Huntington's Disease Sally has had impaired speech and swallowing. She has also had weakness and gait difficulty. Which diseases may she be experiencing with symptoms of this nature? a. HD and diabetes b. epilepsy and HD c. ALS and stroke d. MS and diabetes - answers-c. ALS and stroke Which diseases are diagnosed primarily by blood tests? a. ALS and epilepsy b. HD and diabetes c. MS and epilepsy d. HIV/AIDS - answers-b. HD and diabetes d. HIV/AIDS Possible causes of cancer include (choose all that apply) a. Environmental exposure b. Living in the tropics c. Stress d. High Body Mass Index - answers-a. Environmental exposure b. Living in the tropics d. High Body Mass Index What process distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors? a. Rate of tumor growth b. Size of tumor c. Metastasis d. Location of tumor - answers-c. Metastasis Mr. Zeeler has an identified carcinoma but he doesn't know what that means. What area is affected? a. His joints or bones have cancer lesions b. His skin or the outer lining of his small intestine is cancerous c. His cancer is in his blood cells d. His cancer is in the lymphatic system - answers-b. His skin or the outer lining of his small intestine is cancerous Mr. Zeeler heard his physician say that his histological results showed anaplasia. What would you surmise that his staging might be? a. in situ b. localized mass c. benign mass d. distant organ(s) affected - answers-d. distant organ(s) affected Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) refers to: a. Temporary decrease in systemic blood pressure b. Transitory aneurysm c. Temporary interruption of blood supply d. Mini hemorrhagic stroke - answers-c. Temporary interruption of blood supply Which of these is not a typical symptom of a stroke? a Headache b. Weakness or paralysis of arm c. Thirst d. Loss of balance - answers-c. Thirst If you had one stroke you are likely to experience another stroke. - answers-True If you think you are having a stroke, you should? a. Wait no longer than 30 minutes to see if symptoms go away b. Call a friend or family member in case you need to go to the hospital c. Take 2 aspirins and wait no longer than 30 minutes to see if symptoms go away d. Call 911 - answers-d. Call 911 Type II diabetes has doubled in the past years. What are reasons to explain the increase? - answers-- fast food - sedentary lifestyle - large portion sizes - high fructose corn syrup Anne experienced two forms of MS. Which types did she have? - answers-Clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting. Anne is able to manage her MS very well. Why? - answers-- positive outlook - physical therapy - support system Are certain populations disproportionately affected by HIV? True or False? - answers-True Explain how history may have had an affect on stigma of AIDS. - answers-- vietnam war veterans needed rehab from drug use - homosexuality wasn't accepted Which of the following condition(s) below cause long-term motor impairment and gait difficulties? a. Epilepsy b. ALS c. Huntington's Disease - answers-b. ALS An ischemic brain ages 3.6 years for every hour that passes after the onset of stroke True/False - answers-True