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Cardiac Sonography Exam – Questions & Answers
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Cardiac Sonography Exam –Questions & Answers
Right atrium
What drains into it?
Where does it send the blood? - -Receieving chamber. Inferior and superior
vena cavae plus coronary sinus drain into right atrium. Right atrium moves
blood into the pulmonary trunk
-Which chambers have smooth walls
Which chambers contain trabeculae carneae - -Right atrium and left atrium
Right ventricle and left ventricle
-Moderator Band - --In the right ventricle.
- Thick band of cardiac muscle that extends from the IVS to the anterior
papillary muscle
- helps prevent over distension of the right ventricle
-Describe features of the right ventricle - -- walls are lined with trabeculae
carneae
-has a moderator band
- contains 3 papillary muscles and chordae tendinae that attach them to the
tricuspid valve
-thinner than left ventricle
-Describe features of the left ventricle - -- thick walls
-walls contain trabeculae carnear
- has 2 pap muscles that are connected to the mitral valve by chordae
tendinae,
-What is trabeculae carnae
What is their function? - -ridges of muscle lined with endocardium
Prevents leaking due to extreme pressure changes,
-Components of the conduction system - -Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Atrioventricular bundle branches
Purkinje cells
-Sinoatrial node - -- sends signal to atria, causing them to contract
-automatically produces a signal
-Pericardium - -Sac that surrounds the heart
, -Role of pericardium - -Protects the heart from infection
Protects the heart from over-distention
Acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between the heart and surrounding
structure
Holds the heart in place
Also protects the heart from impact, if you were to get a blow in the chest
-Three components of the heart wall - -Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
-What layers of the pericardium are fused together? - -Fibrous and parietal
-Epicardium - -Outer most later
Also the inner most later of the pericardium
-Myocardium - -Thickest layer
Mostly cardiomyocytes (heart muscle)
Also contains blood vessels and nerve endings
Muscle cells form a spiral around the heart AIDS in a more efficient
contraction
-Endocardium - -Lines the chambers and valves
-Heart valves - -Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve
-Left atrium - -Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary system.
Smooth walled. Left auricle contains pectinate muscles
-Atrioventricular nodes - -Located at crux.
delays signal to allow the atria to fully empty before the ventricles contract
prevents the atria and ventricles from contracting at the same time
-Bundle of his (atrioventricular bundle) - -Sends signals from the av node to
the right and left branches. Left branches supply the left ventricle therefore
it is much bigger, and right supplies the right ventricle.
-Bundle branches - -Signal travels down the inter ventricular septum down
to left and right branches
-Purkinje fibers - -Travel deep into the heart to supply the muscle of the
ventricles
, -5 components on the ecg - -P wave
Pr segment
Qrs complex
St segment
T wave
-P wave - -Depolarization of the atria
-Pr segment - -Delay at the av node
-Qrs complex - -Depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the
atria
-St segment - -Isoelectric period. Refractory period of ventricles
-T wave - -Repolarization of the ventricles
-Cardiac cycle - -The period of time that begins with atrial contraction and
ends with ventricular relaxation
-Abnormalities of rate - -Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus arrhythmia
-Sinus bradycardia - -Sinus rhythm. Beats are less than 60 per minute
Looks the same as NSR may just be slower
P, QRS, T evenly spaced R- R intervals
-Sinus tachycardia - -Sinus rhythm. Beats are more than 100 per minute.
looks the same as a NSR may just be moving faster
P, QRS, T evenly spaced R-R intervals
-Sinus arrythmia - -Rate varies with respiration. P, QRS, T for each beat but
irregular R-R intervals
-Premature atrial contraction (pac's) - -Premature beats from the atria
originate and interrupt the underlying rhythm.
-Normal QRS, P wave just happens sooner than expected
-usually random
-What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia - -Atrial fibrillation (a-fib)
-Afib - -Atria receive multiple pacemaker signals which cause them to
quiver rather than contract. The ventricles are depolarized at longer
intervals. There are no p waves and irregular R-R waves.
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