Summary of Islam in Russia: History and Development - History
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History
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Islam di Rusia : Sejarah dan Perkembangan
This brief summary describes the situation of Russian Muslims in the Unisoviet era. This summary discusses the geographical distribution of Muslims in Russia, the economy, the movement of political movements, the educational infrastructure of Russian Muslims, and the efforts of Russian Muslims in t...
The situation of Muslims during the Soviet Union in Russia
A. Geographical distribution of the Muslim population in Russia
The territory of Russia, starting from the northwest anti-clockwise, borders Norway and
Finland with the pirate countries namely Estonia from Latria then Belarus, Black Sea
Ukraine, Georgia and Azerbaijan, the Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and the
Bering Strait. . To the north with the arctic ocean. It has a special area of Kaliningrad with the
capital Kaliningrad which borders Poland and Lithuania as well as the Baltic Sea.
Muslim communities exist throughout the 89 territories of the Russian Federation,
even in very remote areas such as the Kamchatka peninsula which has around 30,000 Muslim
residents. However, the majority of Russian Muslims are concentrated in two areas: first in
the Volga river valley and the Ural mountains, etc. In the provinces of the North Caucasus
province or southern Russia. The Muslims who live in the Volga River region and the Ural
Mountains consist of Tatarstan, Barshkorostan, Udmurts and Chuvas. Those who live in the
region between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, or what is called the Nauhasus region, are
the Adygakhs, Bainors, Chechens, Cherhess, Ingush, Kabardins, Karachiy and Dagestani
tribes. According to data from the Russian civil service academy, the number of Muslims in
the North Caucasus is approximately 1 million 285 thousand people. This also does not
include the minority Muslim ethnic groups in Dagestan. Meanwhile, the number of Muslims
in the two regions of the Volga river alone reaches around 4 million people. In addition,
between 2 and 3 million Muslims live around the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. This
means that half of Russia's Muslim population lives in central regions or provinces and the
heart of Russia.
The Russian Muslim population dominates 7 of the 89 regions of Russia, namely the
Republic of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chehnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Baikaria,
and Kacachevo-Cherkessia. Other regions which are also concentrated in the Muslim
population are Siberia and the Far East, namely in the city of Omsk. ., Tyumen, Toboisk,
Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and Urengoi.1
B. The Condition of Muslims in the Soviet Union Era in Russia
1. The economy of Muslims in Russia
Economically, the Russian Muslim population is in the most disadvantageous position
and conditions compared to all population groups throughout Russia. This is the same thing
that happens to Muslim communities who live in remote and undeveloped agricultural areas
as well as to Muslim communities whose areas happen to have mineral resources or where
industrial industries are established. Russian Muslims have not yet been free from the impact
and aftermath of the intimidating and exploitative economic system of the Soviet Union and
1
Efanov Vladimir , Islam di Negara komunis, (Tanah merah Preis), hlm. 18
, are now trapped again in a political situation that is hampering their economic development
and prosperity.
The socialist system and centralized economy of the Soviet Union have drained the
natural wealth and economic potential of a particular Muslim region to meet the needs of the
entire country. And the region itself is not given the opportunity to progress and develop
through its regional economic potential. Apart from that, the division of the Muslim
republic's government areas is carried out without considering economic factors in the
respective regions as well as the similarities in economic potential between regions. In other
words, the division of political power between Muslim republics does not lead to efforts to
revive and develop the economic life of these parts of the region.
Apart from geopolitical policies that cannot be profitable, Muslims are also entangled
with structural impoverishment. Managerial positions and strategic technical positions to
manage economic resources in the Muslim republic itself were given to Russians and other
Slavic tribes. Meanwhile, the Muslim population itself is placed in menial jobs with low
salaries. Russians also cultivate commercial agricultural products which require large-scale
investment, while Muslims are given sufficient land to cultivate kitchen crops such as
vegetables and the like. Those who have the opportunity to work in factories and companies
receive a lower minimum wage and the national average minimum wage. All of these
situations automatically create a very sharp gap in welfare between the Russian population
and the Muslim population.2
As can be seen in the economic census data at the end of 1998, it was reported that the
average income of a Russian citizen was 900 rubles while the population of the North
Caucasus country ranged from 300 to 600 rubles. Russian settlement in the North Caucasus
region. The lowest income figures are found in the regions of Dagestan, Ingushetia and
Kasaohaevo-Cherkessia, namely the republics with the most solid Muslim majority and
dominance. The average minimum wage in the southeast district is 4,060 rubles and is far
below the average minimum wage in the central district of 3 rubles. Of all the Muslim
republics, only the residents of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan are known as mineral resource
areas and one of the industrial centers in Russia who enjoy wages close to the national
minimum wage of 3,578 rubles, namely 3,134 and 3,080 respectively, this figure far exceeds
the minimum wages of other republics in the world. The Volga-descended district is 2,768.
As a result of the decision to war against Chechnya volume two, economic conditions
in the entire Muslim region of the North Caucasus became even worse, one source stated that
until 2001, the number of unemployed people in the North Caucasus reached 70% and was
the highest figure in all of Russia. Meanwhile, the Russian Ministry of Labor and Social
Affairs reported that the unemployment rate in Dagestan had increased from 30% of the
republic. In 1999 it became 56% in 2001. This increase occurred evenly in all other Muslim
republics. The situation of Russian Muslims in the Soviet Union era was experiencing
national economic problems and we do not have comparative data on poverty and
unemployment levels in this Muslim republic with other non-Muslim Russian republics.
2
Tbid, hlm.26
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