FIS 201 Exam 2 WVU Questions And Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

FIS 201 Exam 2 WVU Pathologist - Determines cause of disease or trauma based on appearance and chemistry of bodies or tissues. Medical Examiner - Appointed by jurisdiction and is usually a physician who is a board-certified forensic pathologist and is responsible for certifying the manner and cause of a death. Coroner - An elected official and may or may not possess a medical degree with optional education and training. Death Investigator - They investigate death under the jurisdiction of the coroner/medical examiner and need CSI training and basic medical knowledge. They collect the scene context needed to determine cause of death. Manner of Death - How the person died Cause of Death - Why the person died Natural - Disease and continual environmental abuse. Accidental - There must not be intent to cause harm through gross negligence on the part of a perpetrator or the victim. Homicidal - A nonaccidental death resulting from grossly negligent, reckless, or intentional actions of another person. Suicidal - A result of an individual taking his or her own life with lethal intention. Undetermined/unclassified - Insufficient or conflicting dataFor West Virginia, under what circumstances will a medical examiner have to do an autopsy? - Violent, suicidal, unattended by physicians, inmate, or suspicious/unusual/unnatural deaths occur External Examination of an autopsy - Identify physical features like gender, ethnicity, hair, and eye color and any identifying features like scars, tattoos, prosthesis Internal examination of an autopsy - Open the body following a y-shaped cut, remove organs and visually inspect, weight the organs, and section accordingly closure of an autopsy - organs may be replaced, skin will be folded back, skin stitched, and body put in a body bag Postmortem interval (PMI) - The length of time that has elapsed since a person has died Algor Mortis - A process that occurs after death in which the body temperature continually calls until it reaches the room temperature how fast of a rate does the body lose heat - 1.0F to 1.5F per hour livor mortis - a purple or red discoloration of the skin caused by pooling of blood after death. occurs immediately after death but only seen to the human eye after 20 minutes-2 hours later. when does livor mortis become fixed - 8-12 hours Rigor mortis - The stiffening of the body after death; fusion of actin and myosin filaments Rigor mortis onset - 10-12 hours; dependent on temperature and perimortem activity levelOther PMI estimates - body cooling rate, chemistry of the vitreous humor, colonization by insects, decomposition such as mummification and adipocere formation, demineralization of bone Five major classes of trauma - mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, asphyxiation Mechanical Trauma - physical actions; force applied to the body Thermal Trauma - temperature effects Electrical trauma - electrical current causes fibrillation in the heart by overriding the sinoatrial node Chemical trauma - Chemical alteration of body processes Asphyxiation - oxygen deprivation Abrasions - skin is scraped off via friction; if damage is above the dermal blood vessels, may not bleed Human skin anatomy - epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue 1st° abrasion - Epidermis only 2nd° abrasion - Epidermis and dermis 3rd° abrasion - damage to subcutaneous layer Types of blunt force trauma - contusions, abrasions, lacerations, fracturesTypes of penetrating trauma - Incisions, punctures, penetrations Contusions - A bruise, proper medical term is a contusion; ruptured capillaries and small blood vessels, required force is highly variable, patterns maybe left why are contusion/bruises highly variable - older people, women, and redheads bruise easily, some people may be on blood thinners or be diabetics Healing of a contusion/bruise - Conversion of hemoglobin to bilirubin; bruise —> healing Subcutaneous hemorrhage - larger ruptured blood vessel's; may be invisible if under muscle or bone hemorrhages require a lot of force, or someone taking blood thinners Spectacle hemorrhage - any type of head injury to the bottom part of the skull releases blood in the form of a contusion, and the easiest place for the blood to exit the skull is through the eye orbits Cranial hemorrhage - Can include head trauma or stroke Closed fracture - broken bone with no open wound Open fracture - damages the bone and breaks the skin Three types of fractures - focal, angulation, rotation Focal fracture - Bending of bone Angulation fracture - Bone broken in halfRotation fracture - Bone twisted and broken Bone healing steps - hematoma formation (blood clot), soft callus formation, hard callus formation, remodeling of bone Lacerations - Tear in skin or flesh; usually caused by blunt force trauma Tension laceration - Skin is snagged and rips Compression laceration - skin is squeezed and bursts Punctures - A piercing item, at least 2x deeper than it is wide; deep subcutaneous damage and infection; small puncture wounds can be easily missed like heroin injection needles Incisions - Skin or tissue is cut with a sharp object; wound edges are clean and can be lapped together; frequently seen in defensive wounds Entry wound - typically small, round and neat; explosive has skin tears on entry Exit wound - typically large and star like, often form hematomas (blood clots) Shooting distance less than 6 inches - Seared or burn wounds, powder deeply embedded Shooting distance 6 to 12 inches - gas fouling, or hot gas that is expelled which is blown onto the skin and embedded like a tattoo, powder stippling Shooting distance 12 to 36 inches - stippling only, larger than prior patternsMechanical strangulation - applying pressure to neck, prevents breathing; bruising around neck, crushed hyoid bone (in larynx), suggestive of strangulation Mechanical hanging - ligature mark that runs closely under the jaw line under the ear, bruising is high up on the neck Mechanical smothering - killing someone by covering their nose and mouth so that they suffocate Hypothermia - Core body temperature drops below 35°C, alcohol increases risk Hyperthermia - cannot cool down the body, brain cooks, increase in heartrate and body temperature, can be drug induced; can cause a heat stroke 1st° burn - reddened skin; can occur in the hot tub, hot water while washing dishes 2nd° burn - Red, moist lesion; dermis is damaged Superficial second-degree burn - blisters below epidermis form Deep 2nd° burn - The epidermis is destroyed 3rd° burn - dermis is destroyed, blackening and charring of skin, will scar Thermal asphyxia - inhalation of CO which produced soot in trachea which can block oxygen to the lungs; CO would be chemical trauma if cause of death Can high-voltage do to the heart - can cause tetany, burns, and opens the electrical gated pores in individual cells Tetany - muscle is cramped and cannot release; o. it's at 1 A1mA acute effect and duration effect - tingling, nerve damage 5mA acute effect and duration effect - tremble, nerve damage 5-75 mA acute effect and duration effect - cramping, asphyxia (5-10m) 75-100mA acute effect and duration effect - ventricular fibrillation, death 1A acute effect and duration effect - ventricular arrest, death (under some circumstances people do live) Chemical Trauma - damage resulting from drugs and poisons, can be prescription, over the counter, recreational, or accidental; ethanol, carbon monoxide, poisons/venoms Forensic anthropologist - specialize in archaeology and physical anthropology; do mass grave exhumation, work for the military; have training in anatomy, biology, and archaeology Bones important for determining human species - cranium, pelvis, scapula, femur, humerus Forensic archaeology - Recover and interpret human remains; locate gravesites, remove skeletons out safely Physical anthropology - Study of the biology, variation, and evolution of humans; patterns of human shape and size, growth and development, population differences How to identify human bones - shape, size, thickness Ossification centers - born with ~405, which later fuse to 206 adult bonesspeed of fusing of bones can demonstrate what - age Suture Scoring Stage 0, (~7yrs) - gaps between plates, noticeable Suture scoring stage 1 (8-40 yrs) - sutures are present suture scoring stage 2 (40-50 yrs) - Smooth and filled with bones suture scoring stage 3 (60-70 yrs) - Almost completely smoothed. pubic symphysis - The shape of the face of the bone inside of the cartilage; for males and females both it starts to look more irregular with age Ends of ribs, estimator of age - cartilage becomes more bony, degrades cartilage Male pelvic bone, sexual dimorphism - V shaped sub-pubic angle, narrow inlet and sciatic notch Female pelvic bone, sexual dimorphism - U-shaped sub-pubic angle, round inlet and wide sciatic notch Male skull/sexual dimorphism - prominent brow ridges, larger mastoid processes Female skull/sexual dimorphism - smooth, more vertical frontal bone, small mastoid processes How to differentiate race using skull identification - orbit shape, cheekbone shape, nasal bone shape, prognathism asian skull - Circular eye orbitsAfrican skull - rectangular eye orbits, broad nasal aperture, rounded nasal sill, alveolar prognathism European skulls - rectangular, "aviator glasses", shaped orbits, high projecting nasal bones Forensic dentists - have a college degree,went to dental school, specialty training, ABFO certification Forensic dentistry - ID human remains, ID mass fatalities, age estimation, assessment of bite mark injuries, assessment of cases of abuse, civil cases involving malpractice Dentition - individualizing arrangement, alignment, diastema, missing teeth, fillings What kind of x-ray do you use if the skull is still intact - panoramic/standard x ray what do you do if the skull is damaged/burnt - remove upper and lower jaws, photograph, x-ray and then compare to known Age and dental development - In children ages 6 to 12 teeth are good indicators of age Bite mark injuries - compare marks to dentition using overlays and casts Challenges to bite marks - dentition profiles can change, skin is elastic which can give insufficient detail or stretch, many people have similar dentition due to braces Lifecycle of a fly - eggs, larva 1, larva 2, larva 3, pre-pupa, pupa, adult fly five ways insects can provide forensic information - colonization patterns such as time since death, antemortem colonization, perimortem wounding; ecology such as linking suspect victim or scene, providing DNAStages of decomposition - fresh, bloat, active decay, dry remains Bloat - gas starts to escape, body starts to smell; insect activity begins Active Decay - maggots will start to eat, carrion beetles, rove beetles will start to eat the muscles, organs, eyes; body produces liquid Dry remains - what's left of the body is hair, skin, cartilage; Adult skin beetles are present on a corpse 1st instar fly larva - Very small, eat very little tissue, feeds on fluid 2nd instar - Moves around in maggot mass 3rd instar fly larva - Eat most of the body tissue Pupae - do not eat at all Adult beetles - Consume maggots, not body tissue Presumptive test - test which indicates the presence of a compound of interest; High sensitivity, moderate selectivity can give false positive's presumptive test for blood (4) - Kastle-Meyer/Phenolphthalein McPhails/Leucomalachite HemastixFluorescent/Luminous test Confirmatory test - test or tests which positively identify the material; moderate sensitivity, high selectivity PD of almost 1 confirmatory tests for blood (2) - Teichman Test/Takayama Test Immunoassays Kastle-Meyer Test - identifies blood, positive result will be a pink color; presumptive test McPhail's Reagent/Leucomalachite green - identifies blood, turns green; presumptive test hemastix - Strip tests, developed to detect blood from any origin; presumptive test Fluorescent/luminous tests - luminol, Bluestar; all react with heme group in the red blood cells; presumptive test False positive for hemoglobin tests - bleach, copper and iron, plant fluids, eventually air Immunoassay - tests that indicate chemicals in fluids such as drugs, hormone assays, and blood chemistry assays. Also do presumptive Lewitt identification of blood, semen, saliva, and urine Teichman/Takayama Test - A confirmatory test for blood that forms hemochromogen crystals by reacting to the iron in the blood how does an immunoassay work - 1. Various antibodies are exposed to antigens and to dyes 2. An immobile antibody reacts with the antigen-antibody complex and releases a dye (test area)3. A second, immobile antibody grabs the first and releases a dye (control area) ABAcard Hematrace and hexagon OBT1 - types of immunoassay confirmatory tests for blood Acid Phosphatase - Secreted in large quantities by the prostate beginning at puberty but can be secreted by other organs Brentamine Fast Blue B - presumptive test for semen; reacts within two minutes, effective on men with low to no sperm counts prostate specific antigen/P 30 - Presumptive test for semen; secreted by prostate, low levels and other fluids, must be coupled with a positive AP test Christmas Tree Stain - confirmatory test for semen; stains spermatozoa with Christmas tree stain, tails turn green, heads turn red to eliminate epithelial cells, add proteinase K it causes the tails to fall off Time it takes to detect sperm heads in vagina - 7 days Time it takes to detect to sperm heads in the anus/rectum - 2-3 days Time it takes to detect sperm heads in the mouth - 24 hours Time to detect tailed sperm in vagina - <26 hours Time to detect tail sperm in mouth, anus, rectum - <5 hrs Phadebas reagent - identifies saliva, detects amylase, turns blueRSID test - identifies saliva, immunoassay Urine - rely on ID of urea and creatinine Feces and Vomit - Urobilinogen vomit: microscopic examination How is DNA organized from nucleotides to chromosomes - Organized into genes which are found and organized on chromosomes Locus - Location of a gene on a chromosome Alleles - Genes with the same function, but different sequence Homozygous - two identical alleles Heterozygous - two different alleles Locations of DNA evidence - White blood cells, epithelial (skin) cells, bone marrow, hair roots, tooth pulp, spermatozoa Sources of DNA - suspect, victim, unrelated person How to preserve DNA evidence - where latex gloves, mask's; air dry everything, whole object, moisten swab; keep dry and cold How RFLP can create a unique set of fragments - it cuts the DNA sequences into fragments of different links; restriction enzymes cut any particular sequenceVNTR - Chunks of DNA repeated greater than five times; variation between people in the number of repeats how electrophoresis separates DNA - Electric current is lets small chunks of DNA move quickly and easily through gel allowing them to move farther than the larger chunks; PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - copies DNA fragments using thermophilic bacteria; splits the DNA in half then the DNA binds at a particular locus, DNA polymerase then adds complementary nucleotides STR (single tandem repeat) - specific VNTR's with very short repeated sequences, only 2 to 6 repeats; 20 standard loci, separated across chromosomes found at very specific loci Microvariants - An allele with an incomplete repeat STR analysis vs RFLP analysis - STR compares specific loci on DNA from two or more samples RFLP cuts the DNA sequences into fragments Mixed samples - each person can contribute up to two alleles, eliminate the known example CODIS - several databases that can be searched independently or together, created and maintained by the FBI, contains approximately 4.75 million profiles Searching CODIS - must have results at 10 loci, search the database, results pop up such as profiles, testing agency, agencies reference number, DNA analyst compares results, warrant for personal informationHomozygote calculation - p2*q2 Heterozygote calculation - 2*p*q Calculating a match likelihood - multiple all the likelihood's, and divide the number by 1 to get the odds. Mitochondrial DNA - DNA found in the mitochondria that is inherited only through mothers Y-STR - Father's can only pass down to sons. Gas chromatography - Breaks mixtures into compounds, and separates them on a long capillary tube inside the oven. The compounds separate based on how long they are kept within the oven - their retention time. Controlled Substances Act - the federal drug policy that regulates the manufacture and distribution of controlled substances Marquis Reagent Purple Color presence - Presence of heroin and morphine and most opium derivatives. Marquis reagent Orange-Brown color presence - amphetamines and methamphetamines. STR Analysis Sequence - The evidence must be collected from the crime scene first. Then the DNA must be extracted from the evidence. We need to cut out the loci that we are interested in and amplify them by making many copies via PCR. Electrophoresis will then sort the DNA by size.Autolysis - Decomp process; self-digestion by cells' own enzymes, and its rate varies from organ to organ depending on the mechanism of death, the enzyme content of the respective organs, the position of the body, and environmental factors. Putrefaction - Decomp process; carried out by microorganisms such as bacteria. Accompanied by bloating, discoloration, and a foul smell caused by accumulating gases. Epiphyseal closure - stoppage of bone growth between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five Schedule I drugs - High potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the US Schedule II drugs - High potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use Schedule III drugs - Less potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use Schedule IV drugs - Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III and have a currently accepted medical use Schedule V drugs - Low abuse potential, have medical use, less potential for producing dependence Karl Landsteiner - Blood types Alec Jeffreys - Founded the technology of DNA typing Kary Mullis - Found PCR