Hi! Heb deze samenvatting gemaakt van de 11 hoofdstukken die we moeten kennen tegen ons examen op 12/06. Veel succes! Vergeet de uitgebreide aanbod gekomen cases zeker niet en de gele referentie alinea's! Deze zijn belangrijk. Succes :)
1.1 Definities .................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Definities 'Landschap' ........................................................................................................... 7
1.1.2 Definities 'Landschapsarchitectuur' ....................................................................................... 7
1.2 Belang van landschap in de 21ste eeuw ....................................................................................... 7
1.3 Landschapsarchitectuur, architectuur en stedenbouw ................................................................. 7
1.4 Inzichten .................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Wisselwerking met de context ............................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 Een rijke ontwerptraditie........................................................................................................ 8
1.4.3 Breed gedragen tendenzen en persoonlijke benadering........................................................... 8
1.4.4 Spanningsvelden .................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Attitudes .................................................................................................................................... 9
2. Voor de Renaissance: de oorsprong van het landschapsontwerp ............................................... 10
2.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 Omsloten tuin ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2 Tuin en territorium ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Perzische tuinen ........................................................................................................................11
2.3 Het Griekse en het Romeinse landschap .....................................................................................12
2.4 Het Middeleeuwse landschap ....................................................................................................13
2.5 Het Chinese landschap ..............................................................................................................14
3. Italiaanse Renaissance en Franse Barok: de formele traditie ..................................................... 16
3.1 De architecturale tuin: Italiaanse Renaissance, 15e-16e eeuw .....................................................16
! 3.1.1 De tuin van het perspectief (op grote schaal): Villa Lante, Bagnaia ................................ 17
3.2 De maat van de Rede: Franse Baroktuinen, 17e eeuw .............................................................. 18
3.2.1 Perspectief en spel: de tuinen van Vaux-le-Vicomte ....................................................... 18
3.2.2 Absolutisme: de tuinen van Versailles ........................................................................... 18
3.2.3 Barok in de stad: de tuinen van de Tuileries .......................................................................... 19
3.3 De erfenis van het formele: stedelijke landschappen in de 18de, 19de en 20ste eeuw ...................20
3.3.1 Een nieuwe hoofdstad: Plan van Washington, 18e eeuw ................................................ 20
3.3.2. De heraanleg van Parijs in de 19e eeuw ............................................................................... 20
3.4 Besluit ......................................................................................................................................20
4. Het Engelse landschapspark: het pittoreske ............................................................................. 21
4.1 Engeland, 18de eeuw: de natuur herdacht ..................................................................................21
4.1.1 Landschapsontwerp als enscenering van de natuur: tuinen van Rousham ............................. 21
4.1.2 Landschap als beeld: William Gilpin en de theorie van het pittoreske .................................... 22
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4.1.3 Landschap als beeld: tuinen van Stourhead ......................................................................... 22
4.1.4 De perfectionering van een formule: Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown en Humphry Repton ........... 23
4.1.5 Het pittoreske en de industriële maatschappij ...................................................................... 23
4.1.6 Het pittoreske stedelijke park: Londen in de 18de en 19de eeuw ........................................... 24
4.2 Export van de Engelse landschapsstijl in de 19de eeuw ...............................................................24
4.3 Besluit ......................................................................................................................................24
5. Het publieke landschap: parken en infrastructuur in de moderne metropool .............................. 25
5.1 INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................25
5.1.1 Openstellen van private domeinen in de 17de eeuw.............................................................. 25
5.1.2 Bouw van de eerste stadsparken in de 19de eeuw ................................................................ 25
5.1.3 Relatie tussen de stad en het park ....................................................................................... 25
5.1.4 Formele (Barok) en pittoreske traditie (engels) in het parkontwerp van de 19de eeuw ............. 26
5.2 HET PARIJS VAN ALPHAND.........................................................................................................26
5.2.0 Frankrijk en het Second Empire............................................................................................ 26
5.2.1 Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand (1817-1891) ......................................................................... 26
5.2.2 Attitude: “Techno-natuur” ................................................................................................... 27
5.2.3 Attitude: Territoriale benadering .......................................................................................... 27
5.2.4 Attitude: Differentiatie en flexibiliteit (standaardisering) ........................................................ 28
5.2.5 Case: Bois de Boulogne, Parijs (1852) .................................................................................. 28
5.2.6: Case: Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, Parijs (1867) .................................................................. 29
5.3 HET NEW YORK EN BOSTON VAN OLMSTED ...............................................................................30
5.3.0 Verenigde Staten in de tweede helft van de 19de eeuw ......................................................... 30
5.3.1 Korte biografie .................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.2 Attitude: “Social harmony” .................................................................................................. 31
5.3.3 Attitude: Enscenering van de natuur als sleutelement ........................................................... 31
5.3.4 Attitude: Holistische benadering .......................................................................................... 31
5.3.5 Attitude: Systemische benadering ....................................................................................... 32
5.3.6: Case: Central Park, New York, Olmsted & Vaux (1857) ......................................................... 32
5.3.7: Case: Boston Park System, Olmsted (1878-1896) ................................................................ 33
5.4 CONCLUSIE ..............................................................................................................................34
6. Terugkeer naar het formele en een herdefinitie van het wilde ..................................................... 35
6.1 INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................35
6.1.0 Maatschappelijke contex..................................................................................................... 35
6.1.2 Arts and Crafts in Engeland.................................................................................................. 35
6.1.3 Herdefinitie van het wilde ............................................................................................. 36
6.2 REGINALD BLOMFIELD vs WILLIAM ROBINSON ..........................................................................36
6.2.1 Blomfield en “The Formal Garden in England” ...................................................................... 36
6.2.2 Robinson en “The Wild Garden” ........................................................................................... 37
6.2.3 Blomfield vs Robinson ......................................................................................................... 38
6.3 GERTRUDE JEKYLL .....................................................................................................................38
6.3.1 Korte biografie .................................................................................................................... 38
6.3.2 Attitude: Verzoening van het formele en het wilde ................................................................. 39
6.3.3 Attitude: Schakeling van tuinkamers .................................................................................... 39
6.3.4 Attitude: Architectuur en horticultuur ................................................................................... 39
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6.3.5 Case 1: Munstead Wood ..................................................................................................... 40
6.3.6 Case 2: Deanery Garden ...................................................................................................... 40
6.3.7 Case 3: Folly Farm............................................................................................................... 41
6.4 EPILOOG: ONDERTUSSEN IN FRANKRIJK ....................................................................................42
6.4.1 Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestie .............................................................................................. 42
6.5 CONCLUSIE ..............................................................................................................................42
! 7 Modernisme 1: landschap op zoek naar een nieuwe taal ........................................................... 43
7.1 INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................43
7.1.0 Maatschappelijke context ................................................................................................... 43
7.1.1 Wat is Modernisme?............................................................................................................ 43
7.1.2 Modernisme in de landschapsarchitectuur .......................................................................... 43
7.1.3 Gemeenschappelijke elementen ......................................................................................... 44
7.1.4 Spanningsvelden ................................................................................................................ 44
7.1.5 Focus op vier sleutelfiguren ................................................................................................. 44
7.2 GABRIEL GUEVREKIAN...............................................................................................................45
7.2.1 Korte biografie (1892-1970).................................................................................................. 45
7.2.2 Attitude: “Tableau-Jardin” ................................................................................................... 45
7.2.3 Attitude: “Instant Garden” ................................................................................................... 45
7.2.4 Case: Jardin d’eau et de lumière .......................................................................................... 45
7.2.5 Case: Tuin voor de Villa Noailes ........................................................................................... 46
7.2.6: Case: Villa Heim ................................................................................................................ 46
7.3 JEAN CANNEEL-CLAES ..............................................................................................................46
7.3.1 Korte biografie .................................................................................................................... 46
7.3.2 Attitude: Manifest van het AIAJM .......................................................................................... 47
7.3.3 Attitude: De functionele tuin ................................................................................................ 47
7.3.4 Attitude: Ruimtelijke benadering .......................................................................................... 47
7.3.5 Attitude: Elementair ontwerp ............................................................................................... 47
7.3.6 Attitude: Werken met de specificiteit van de plek .................................................................. 48
7.3.7 Case: Tuin woning Canneel (1932) ....................................................................................... 48
7.3.8 Case: Tuin woning Heeremans (1939) .................................................................................. 48
7.3.9 Case: Begraafplaats Verrewinkel ......................................................................................... 49
7.4 LEBERECHT MIGGE ...................................................................................................................49
7.4.1 Korte biografie .................................................................................................................... 49
7.4.2 Attitude: De architecturale tuin ............................................................................................ 49
7.4.3 Attitude: Typologische benadering ....................................................................................... 50
7.4.4 Attitude: Productiviteit ........................................................................................................ 50
7.4.5 Attitude: Circulariteit en het gebruik van natuurlijke processen ............................................. 51
7.4.6 Case: Rüstringen Stadspark ................................................................................................ 51
7.4.7 Case: Duitse Siedlungen, interbellum .................................................................................. 52
7.4.8 Case: de “groeiende” nederzetting....................................................................................... 52
7.5 GUDMUND N. BRANDT ..............................................................................................................52
7.5.1 G.N.Brandt (1878-1945) ...................................................................................................... 52
7.5.2 Attitude: “ de tuin voor de toekomst” ................................................................................... 52
7.5.3 Attitude: De tuin is 100% groen ............................................................................................ 53
7.5.4 Attitude: Het gecultiveerde landschap als motief voor het tuinontwerp .................................. 53
7.5.5 Attitude: Romantiek als een belangrijke drijfveer voor de tuin ................................................ 54
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7.5.6 Attitude: “Geplant” versus “gegroeid” .................................................................................. 54
7.5.7 Case: Eigen tuin in Ordrup ................................................................................................... 54
7.5.8 Case: Tuin Svastika in Kokkedal ........................................................................................... 55
7.5.9 Case: Renovatie van Marylist tuin ........................................................................................ 55
7.6 CONCLUSIE ..............................................................................................................................56
8 Modernisme 2: Landscape for Living .......................................................................................... 57
8.1 INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................57
8.1.1 Maatschappelijke Context ................................................................................................... 57
8.1.2 Architectuur versus landschapsarchitectuur ........................................................................ 57
8.1.3 Manifesten moderne landschapsarchitectuur ...................................................................... 57
8.1.4 Focus op twee sleutelfiguren ............................................................................................... 58
8.2 GARRETT ECKBO .......................................................................................................................58
8.2.1 Korte biografie .................................................................................................................... 58
8.2.2 Attitude: “Landscape for Living”........................................................................................... 58
8.2.3 Attitude: “Organic form in the humanized landscape” .......................................................... 59
8.2.4 Attitude: “Material sensibility” ............................................................................................. 60
8.2.5 Case: ALCOA garden ........................................................................................................... 60
8.2.6: Case: Reseda development plan ........................................................................................ 60
8.2.7: Case: “Typical gardens” (1937) ........................................................................................... 61
8.3 CARL THEODOR SORENSEN ......................................................................................................61
8.3.1 Korte biografie .................................................................................................................... 61
8.3.2 Attitude: Ruimtelijkheid en precieze geometrie ..................................................................... 62
8.3.3 Attitude: Het elementaire .................................................................................................... 62
8.3.4 Attitude: “Den Musikalske Have” in Herning ......................................................................... 63
8.3.5 Case: Universiteitscampus Arhus ........................................................................................ 64
8.3.6: Case: Volkstuinen in Naerum ............................................................................................. 64
8.3.7: Case: Openluchttheaters ................................................................................................... 65
8.4 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................66
9. Design with nature: landschapsontwerp en ecologie ................................................................. 67
9.1 INLEIDING: historische situering.................................................................................................67
9.1.1 De Romantiek: terug naar de natuur ..................................................................................... 67
9.1.2 Maatschappelijke reformatie en natuurbescherming ............................................................ 67
9.1.3 De wilde tuin ....................................................................................................................... 67
9.1.4 De Duitse Naturgarten ......................................................................................................... 68
9.1.5 De Nederlandse Heemparken.............................................................................................. 69
9.1.6 De jaren 1960 en 1970: Design with Nature........................................................................... 69
9.2 LOUIS LE ROY ............................................................................................................................70
9.2.1 Biografie ............................................................................................................................. 70
9.2.2 Attitude: ‘Natuur uitschakelen, natuur inschakelen’ ............................................................. 70
9.2.3 Attitude: socio-ecologisch ontwerp...................................................................................... 70
9.2.4 Attitude: ecologisch netwerk structurerend voor de stad....................................................... 71
9.2.5 Case: Kennedylaan Heerenveen .......................................................................................... 71
9.2.6 Case: Ecokathedraal Mildam ............................................................................................... 71
9.2.7 Case: Lewenborg Groningen ................................................................................................ 71
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