JMU BIO 150 Final Exam Correct Questions & Answers(GRADED A)
Define biodiversity - ANSWER the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat
(or in the world as a whole)
Define genetic diversity - ANSWER the total genetic information contained within all individuals of a species, population, or community
Why is genetic diversity important? - ANSWER provides the raw materials for adaptive change
Define adaptive change - ANSWER change in response to the environment's "natural selection:
Define species diversity - ANSWER the diversity of species present in a community
Why is species diversity important? - ANSWER species have a particular "role" in a system, so the addition or loss of a species may have consequences for the entire system
How is species diversity measures? - ANSWER -species richness
-species abundance
Define species richness - ANSWER number of species in a community
Define species abundance - ANSWER The number of individuals of each species
Define ecosystem diversity - ANSWER measure of the variety of biotic components in a region along with abiotic components
Why is ecosystem diversity important? - ANSWER ecosystem functioning is dependent on interacting member organisms with their environment
Define system stability - ANSWER diverse systems are resilient after and resistant to disturbances
Define ecosystem productivity - ANSWER diverse systems have higher net primary productivity
Define ecosystem services - ANSWER direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from organisms and ecosystems Define existence value - ANSWER economic value of a system and our willingness to mitigate biodiversity loss
What are provisioning services? - ANSWER raw materials (food, fuel, fiber, medicine, genetic resources)
What are regulating services? - ANSWER life support system (climate moderation, soil formation, erosion control, water capture, flood control etc.)
Define ecosystem services - ANSWER all direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from organisms and ecosystems
What are cultural services? - ANSWER cultural/intrinsic (aesthetics, recreation, education, spiritual value, and physical/mental health)
What are supporting services? - ANSWER primary productivity, nutrient cycling, pollination, and biological control
What are the primary threats to biodiversity? - ANSWER -habitat loss -climate change -invasive species -overexploration -pollution
What are characteristics of viruses? - ANSWER -very,very small -not a cell -can not reproduce independently -does not contain ribosomes or generate ATP
What are characteristics of bacteria? - ANSWER -small but bigger than virus -single cell -reproduce independently -contains chromosomes and generate ATP
What do beta-lactums do? - ANSWER break down cell wall
What do macrolides do? - ANSWER affect ribosomes
What does quinolines do? - ANSWER break down DNA and prevent repair
Define intrinsic resistance - ANSWER resistance naturally coded and expressed by a bacterial species to a particular antibiotic
Define acquired resistance - ANSWER genetic change that leads to bacteria becoming resistant to an antibiotic How did Plato address evolution? - ANSWER evolved as distinct different groups
How did Aristotle address evolution? - ANSWER scale (simple -> high)
How did Lamarck address evolution? - ANSWER organisms change in response over time
How did Darwin and Wallace address evolution? - ANSWER change through time from a common ancestor
What did Darwin observe? - ANSWER different species are often similar, with slight variations in theme
Define evolution - ANSWER change in the genetic composition of a population from one
generation to the next
Define pattern - ANSWER observed evolutionary change
Define process - ANSWER mechanisms that produce observed patterns of change
Define natural selection - ANSWER process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the trait
Define adapatation - ANSWER inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in a given environment
Define biological fitness - ANSWER the relative survival and reproduction of one variant
compared to others in the same population
Where does the variation that natural selection acts on come from? - ANSWER -sexual reproduction/gene transfer
-random mutation in DNA that provides raw genetic material
Define vertical gene transfer - ANSWER occurs during reproduction between generations of cells
Define horizontal gene transfer - ANSWER process in which an organism incorporates genetic materials from another without it being its offspring
Define plasmids - ANSWER about 20 special genes (found for antibiotics)
Define varation - ANSWER individuals in a population vary in their traits
Define inheritance - ANSWER some of the trait differences are inherited from the parents to offspring
Define biodiversity - ANSWER the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat
(or in the world as a whole)
Define genetic diversity - ANSWER the total genetic information contained within all individuals of a species, population, or community
Why is genetic diversity important? - ANSWER provides the raw materials for adaptive change
Define adaptive change - ANSWER change in response to the environment's "natural selection:
Define species diversity - ANSWER the diversity of species present in a community
Why is species diversity important? - ANSWER species have a particular "role" in a system, so the addition or loss of a species may have consequences for the entire system
How is species diversity measures? - ANSWER -species richness
-species abundance
Define species richness - ANSWER number of species in a community
Define species abundance - ANSWER The number of individuals of each species
Define ecosystem diversity - ANSWER measure of the variety of biotic components in a region along with abiotic components
Why is ecosystem diversity important? - ANSWER ecosystem functioning is dependent on interacting member organisms with their environment
Define system stability - ANSWER diverse systems are resilient after and resistant to disturbances
Define ecosystem productivity - ANSWER diverse systems have higher net primary productivity
Define ecosystem services - ANSWER direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from organisms and ecosystems Define existence value - ANSWER economic value of a system and our willingness to mitigate biodiversity loss
What are provisioning services? - ANSWER raw materials (food, fuel, fiber, medicine, genetic resources)
What are regulating services? - ANSWER life support system (climate moderation, soil formation, erosion control, water capture, flood control etc.)
Define ecosystem services - ANSWER all direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from organisms and ecosystems
What are cultural services? - ANSWER cultural/intrinsic (aesthetics, recreation, education, spiritual value, and physical/mental health)
What are supporting services? - ANSWER primary productivity, nutrient cycling, pollination, and biological control
What are the primary threats to biodiversity? - ANSWER -habitat loss -climate change -invasive species -overexploration -pollution
What are characteristics of viruses? - ANSWER -very,very small -not a cell -can not reproduce independently -does not contain ribosomes or generate ATP
What are characteristics of bacteria? - ANSWER -small but bigger than virus -single cell -reproduce independently -contains chromosomes and generate ATP
What do beta-lactums do? - ANSWER break down cell wall
What do macrolides do? - ANSWER affect ribosomes
What does quinolines do? - ANSWER break down DNA and prevent repair
Define intrinsic resistance - ANSWER resistance naturally coded and expressed by a bacterial species to a particular antibiotic
Define acquired resistance - ANSWER genetic change that leads to bacteria becoming resistant to an antibiotic How did Plato address evolution? - ANSWER evolved as distinct different groups
How did Aristotle address evolution? - ANSWER scale (simple -> high)
How did Lamarck address evolution? - ANSWER organisms change in response over time
How did Darwin and Wallace address evolution? - ANSWER change through time from a common ancestor
What did Darwin observe? - ANSWER different species are often similar, with slight variations in theme
Define evolution - ANSWER change in the genetic composition of a population from one
generation to the next
Define pattern - ANSWER observed evolutionary change
Define process - ANSWER mechanisms that produce observed patterns of change
Define natural selection - ANSWER process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without the trait
Define adapatation - ANSWER inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in a given environment
Define biological fitness - ANSWER the relative survival and reproduction of one variant
compared to others in the same population
Where does the variation that natural selection acts on come from? - ANSWER -sexual reproduction/gene transfer
-random mutation in DNA that provides raw genetic material
Define vertical gene transfer - ANSWER occurs during reproduction between generations of cells
Define horizontal gene transfer - ANSWER process in which an organism incorporates genetic materials from another without it being its offspring
Define plasmids - ANSWER about 20 special genes (found for antibiotics)
Define varation - ANSWER individuals in a population vary in their traits
Define inheritance - ANSWER some of the trait differences are inherited from the parents to offspring
