BIOLOGY MAJOR FIELD TEST STUDY SET NEW GEN ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS;ALREADY GRADED A
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BIOLOGY MAJOR FIELD TEST STUDY SET NEW GEN ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS;ALREADY GRADED A
"4 Biomolecules and Monomers
Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides
two amino acids bonded together
what i...
BIOLOGY MAJOR FIELD TEST STUDY SET NEW GEN ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS;ALREADY GRADED A
"4 Biomolecules and Monomers
Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids)
Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides
two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula
CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between 12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats
saturated: only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure
1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of
phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base
Vmax
maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition
end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz.
Competitive Inhibition
molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites
irreversible inhibitors
chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently inactive
psuedoirreversible inhibitors
extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors
do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
photosynthesis
anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds
electron transport chain
series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating
a proton gradient
chemiosmosis
the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
ATP
Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate bonds. fermentation
glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing CO2) or the ETC.
occluding/tight junctions
nothing can diffuse between cells or past junction
anchoring junctions
physical joining so cells do not shear away
communicating junctions
gap junctions are formed by proteins called connexins that allow for undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata
plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin
globular monomer
F-actin
long filament
microtubules
cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins
attach to tubulin on one end and cargo on the other dyneins: pull to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure
9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central microtubules for stability (structure of cilia&flagella)
basal bodies
microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella; foundation for new microtubules
centrioles
anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
intermediate filaments
thin fibers wound together in tight coils; membrane stability
proto-oncogenes
normal genes involved in control of cell growth/division
oncogenes
mutations occur and no longer maintain control over a particular aspect of growth
density-dependent inhibition
normal cells able to suppress growth when near other cells
alleles
different forms of a gene
homozygous/heterozygous
homo: 2 copies of same allele; hetero: one dom.; one rec.
dominance
only one dom. needed for phenotype to be present
segregation
2 alleles for given trait seperate during meiosis
independent assortment
genes for one trait separate independent of genes for another trait
incomplete dominance
single dom. allele cannot produce full phenotype; see blending
codominance
2 different alleles both show up in phenotype
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