NR 602 WEEK 5 WOMEN’S HEALTH STUDY GUIDE
What are some of the diagnostic tools available to assist in diagnosing abnormal uterine bleeding? (7)
History
Physical exam
Cytologic exam
Pelvic U/S
Endometrial Biopsy
Hysteroscopy
Dilatation and Curettage
Anovulation - Ovaries do not rele...
What are some of the diagnostic tools available to assist in diagnosing abnormal uterine bleeding? (7)
History
Physical exam
Cytologic exam
Pelvic U/S
Endometrial Biopsy
Hysteroscopy
Dilatation and Curettage
What is the treatment in adolescents for dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
1. Exclude preg with physical exam, pelvic u/s and blood tests.
2. Conjugated estrogens every 4-6 hours for 14-212days controls bleeding. Once bleeding has stoped
medroxyprogesterone can be given for 7-10 days
3. OCs-3-4 times usual dose are effective; cyclic therapy 3-6 monthly courses are given
List and define the 7 patterns of abnormal uterine bleeding.
1. Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)-is heavy or prolonged, presence of clots may signify excessive bleeding.
2. Hypomenorrhea (cryptomenorrhea)-light flow, sometimes only spotting.
3. Metrorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding)-occurs at any time between menstrual periods.
4. Polymenorrhea-periods occur too frequently
5. Menometrorrhagia-occurs at irregular intervals. Amount and duration vary. Sudden onset of irregular
bleeding may indicate malignant tumors or complications of pregnancy.
6. Oligomenorrhea-periods that occur more than 35 days apart. Amenorrhea is diagnosed if no period
occurs for more than 6 months.
7. Contact bleeding (postcoital bleeding) considered a sign of cervical cancer until proven otherwise.
All Menstrual Cycle Phases-
Menstrual cycle has three phases
• Menstrual phase
• Proliferative phase
• Secretory phase
↑ Progesterone
NR602: Women’s Health Study Topics
, The Ovulatory Phase of the menstrual cycle occurs in the middle of your menstrual cycle. An increase in
the luteinizing hormone (LH) level causes the mature follicle to burst and release the egg, usually around
day 14. This is what is commonly called ovulation
Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This usually occurs mid-cycle,
around two weeks or so before menstruation starts.
During the follicular phase, the developing follicle causes a rise in the level of estrogen. The hypothalamus
in the brain recognizes these rising levels and releases a chemical called gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
(GnRH). This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to produce raised levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)
and FSH.
Within two days, ovulation is triggered by the high levels of LH. The egg is funneled into the fallopian tube
and toward the uterus by waves of small, hair-like projections. The life span of the typical egg is only
around 24 hours. Unless it meets a sperm during this time, it will die.
When you want to have a baby you can improve your chance of getting pregnant if you know about
ovulation and the ‘fertile window’ in the menstrual cycle. Read more on ovulation and fertility window.
The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. Prompted by the
hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the
ovary to produce around five to 20 follicles (tiny nodules or cysts), which bead on the surface.
Each follicle houses an immature egg. Usually, only one follicle will mature into an egg, while the others
die. This can occur around day 10 of a 28-day cycle. The growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the
uterus to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy.
Luteal phase
During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the ovary.
For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the corpus luteum. This
structure starts releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of estrogen. This combination of
hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus, waiting for a fertilized egg to stick (implant).
If a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus, it produces the hormones that are necessary to
maintain the corpus luteum. This includes human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), the hormone that is
detected in a urine test for pregnancy. The corpus luteum keeps producing the raised levels of progesterone
that are needed to maintain the thickened lining of the uterus.
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum withers and dies, usually around day 22 in a 28-day cycle.
The drop in progesterone levels causes the lining of the uterus to fall away. This is known as menstruation.
The cycle then repeats.
Premenstrual Syndrome- symptoms include swelling, bloating, weight gain, breast tenderness, headaches,
and mood shifts
Cervical Cancer- T or F. Cervical Cancer. CIN most commonly occurs in women in their 20s, CIS in
those aged 25 - 35 years and cervical cancer after age 40 years (T);
NR602: Women’s Health Study Topics
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