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Summary Kinesiology

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Highly detailed summary of the content for all the Kinesiology lectures. Includes work from lecture slides, textbook/reading annotations and external research where further explanation was needed.

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  • 5 mei 2024
  • 30
  • 2022/2023
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Kinesiology
What is the brief history of Kinesiology?
 384-322 B.C: Aristotle explored:
o the actions of muscles
o the complex process of walking
o the role of the center of gravity, the laws of motion and of leverage
 131-201 B.C: Galen who tended to gladiators distinguished between:
o motor and sensory nerves
o agonist and antagonist muscles
o described muscle tone
 1510: Leonardo da Vinci explored:
o the structure of the human body as related to performance
o the relationship between center of gravity and balance
o the application of resistance
 1564-1643: Galileo:
o Showed space, time & velocity are most NB factors in study of human motion
o Thus, kinesiology is a science
What is Kinesiology?
 Kinesiology → study of human movement
o combination of two Greek verbs:
o kinein: to move
o logos: to discourse
 Study of kinesiology has its foundation in 3 major study areas:
o Biomechanics
o Musculoskeletal anatomy
o Neuromuscular physiology
What is the purpose of studying Kinesiology in OT?
 Most forms of doing require some form of movement and skill
o Activities used in treatment: PCL; Leisure; Play (Learning); Work
 OT requires the ability to analyze movements involved in activities to understand
underlying principles and make treatment more effective
o how has a movement occurred – normal / abnormal?
o what are the causes of the abnormality?
o what must be done to correct or improve movement abnormality?
 Kinesiology is the key to OT fundamentals:
o Effective treatment plan
o Prevent deterioration
o Restoring function to maximum independence
 Kinesiology helps to
o teach effective performance and perfect performance in both fundamental
and specialised motor skills
o contribute to successful participation in various physical activities
o improvement of the human structure through appropriate selection of
activities and the efficient use of the body
o Apply this knowledge to aid in the restoration of impaired function and
methods for compensating for lost function
o Analyze and understand movement
o Understand the effect of exercise on the body
o Apply mechanical principles to postural alignment

,The Musculoskeletal System
What are the 2 major parts of the skeleton?
 axial skeleton → includes the skull, spinal column, sternum & ribs
 appendicular skeleton → includes the bones of the upper & lower extremities
What are the types of bones?
 Long bone:
o long shaft, cylindrical in cross-section, and (usually) expanded at either end.
o mostly composed of compact tissue
o contain spongy bone within their diaphyses
o act as levers for the skeletal muscles to act upon
→ humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
 Short bone:
o generally equal in width and length
o mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
o allow small amounts of varied movement when articulated together
→ carpal and tarsal bones
 Flat bone:
o smooth and thin bones comprising two thin and flat plates of compact bone,
between which lies a layer of spongy bone
o they protect the soft internal structures and provide attachment for muscles
→ sternum, scapula, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, frontal bone, ribs
 Irregular bone:
o Elaborate in shape and cannot be classified into the above categories
→ sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, hyoid bone, sacrum, coccyx and vertebra
 Sesamoid bone:
o form within tendons of some muscles as these tendons pass over joints
o size and distribution can vary → often only measure a few millimeters
o act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect
→ patella and accessory bones of the foot
What are Articulations (joints)?
 Rigid bones of the skeleton meet
 Connective tissue organized to bind bones together and form joints
 Configuration of bones & reinforcing ligaments determine & limit movements that the
involved segments can make
1. What are the types of joints based on particular connective tissue involved?
o Fibrous (synarthrodial)
o Cartilaginous (synarthrodial)
o Synovial (diarthrodial) → movement
2. What are the different synarthrodial connective tissue joints?
o Fibrous (synarthrodial)
 Two bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue
 No synovial cavity present
 Very little movement
 Example: sutures in skull
o Cartilaginous (synarthrodial)
 Two bones connected by hyaline cartilage
 No synovial cavity present
 Limited movement

,  Example: costal cartilages and intervertebral discs
o Ligamentous joints (synarthrodial) → Example: mid-union of radius and ulna
3. What are the different diarthrodial connective tissue joints?
*See Table*
o Non axial: Diarthrodial
 Gliding joints
 Irregular articular surfaces slide over each other from side to side
 Angle of bones does not significantly alter
 Limited movement
 Surfaces are irregular, flat or curved
o Uni-axial: Diarthrodial
 Movement in 1 plane
 Hinge joint:
 movement restricted to one plane by
o shape of the opposing articular surfaces
o strong collateral ligaments along the sides of the joint
 Only extension and flexion possible here
 Example: elbow joint
 Pivot joint:
 Bony pivot or projection articulates with osteoligamentous ring
 Function by rotating the bone around its own long axis
 Example: superior radioulnar joint
o Bi-axial: Diarthrodial
 Movement in 2 planes
 Saddle joint:
 Formed between bones with both concave & convex surfaces
 Concave surface of one bone articulates with convex surface
of another
 examples: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
 Condyloid joint:
 Ellipsoidal joint
 Formed by oval, convex condyle of one bone fitting into the
oval, concave depression of the opposing bone
 Permit rotation around two axes
 Allow angular movements
o i.e., flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
 example: metacarpal phalangeal joint (MCP) of the fingers
o Tri-axial: Diarthrodial
 3 planes of movement
 Ball-and-socket joint:
 Most flexible & provide almost complete rotation on all axes &
planes
 Consist of a hemispherical (or spherical) head that fits into a
cup- like depression in the opposing bone
 example: glenohumeral joint (shoulder); hip joint
4. What are the functions of joints?
o provide a means by which bones can be moved.
o provide stability without interfering with the desired movement.
 Not all joints have the same stability
 E.g., hip and elbow more stable than shoulder and knee
 More movement = less stability

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