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Summary Geography IEB/Caps Platinum Grade 10 Topic 2 The Atmosphere
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Summary of Geography IEB/Caps Platinum Grade 10 Topic 2 The Atmosphere
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THE ATMOSPHERECHAPTER 1: STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION OF ➢ Aerosol sprays, refrigerants, air conditioners, industrial
THE ATMOSPHERE: cleaning materials
ATMOSPHERE: ➢ Releases chlorofluorocarbons – CFC into the atmosphere.
Layers of Gas around the earth ➢ CFC’s rise and collect in the stratosphere.
➔ Essential for all life. ➢ Release chlorine.
➔ Prevents harmful insolation from reaching the earth. ➢ Chlorine destroys ozone – splits ozone molecules back into
➔ Experience different weather conditions. O2 and O
➔ Protects us from extreme temperatures.
➢ Ozone layer gets thinner, holes form
➔ Gases required for life – oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, water, vapour. ➢ Appear above Antarctica
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE:
OZONE LAYER
Layer of gas in the stratosphere and troposphere
Protects the earth from harmful radiation.
OZONE:
• Form of Oxygen, Blue EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPELETION:
• Three oxygen atoms = O3 ➔ Contributes to global warming.
• Ultraviolet rays strike molecules of oxygen (02) ➔ More dangerous ultraviolet radiation enters the
• Splits them into 2 single oxygen atoms. troposphere where the holes are.
GASES:
• Mixture of Gases: some are permanent & fixed; others vary. • Oxygen atom (O) combines with oxygen molecule (O2) ➔ Faster aging of the skin – wrinkles & skin cancer
• Gases decrease with distance from earth’s surface. to form Oxygen molecule. ➔ Weakens body’s immunity – cannot fight diseases.
SOLIDS: ➔ Disrupt photosynthesis – lower crop yields
GOOD OZONE VS BAD OZONE ➔ Phytoplankton decreases – decrease in marine life.
• Dust particles, salt particles & pollution.
Stratasphere Troposhere
• Condensation nuclei
LIQUID: Absorbs UV Rays Polution WAYS TO REDUCE OZONE DEPELETION:
• Water droplets Decreasing Increasing • 1996 – Montreal Protocol – signed in 1987 –
IMPORTANCE: international agreement
• Essential for all life – respiration, growth, moisture. • Substitutes found – no CFC produced
• Absorb harmful radiation: X-rays, Ultraviolet rays. • Ozone friendly products
• Allows us to experience weather (hot air rises) • Will take many years to restore the balance – CFC
• Acts as a blanket – protects from extremely high and low remains in atmosphere for +- 100 years.
CAUSES OF OZONE LAYER DEPELETION:
Temperatures.
➢ Human activity
, THE ATMOSPHERE
CHAPTER 2: Examples of Global warming: Rise Production increase – methane – ditto
HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE: Methane - 18% - Livestock (cattle), rice farming Releasing of CFC’s – absorbs longwave
• Sun CO2 – 50% - burning fossil fuels, fires radiation
• Insolation Nitrous oxide – 6% - fertilizers, bacterial action More waste dumps – release methane – ditto
• Terrestrial radiation Ozone – 12% - smog
3 Ways the Atmosphere is heated by: CFC’s – 14% - aerosols, refrigerants
1. CONDUCTION
EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING:
• Deforestation – trees absorb CO2
2. CONVENTION ❖ 0.6 -0.7OC warmer than 100 years ago
o PROBLEMS:
3. RADIATION ❖ Warmest years from 1995
▪ Changes the habitat.
❖ Rise in temps is linked to rise in CO2 levels
▪ Extinction of species
GREENHOUSE EFFECT: Melting of ice caps = sea level ❖ Ice cap melts, retreating glaciers
▪
rising
▪ Change in weather climate and
weather patterns
▪ Drought and floods
▪ Health problems – infectious
diseases. Malnutrition
GLOBAL WARMING:
increase in average temperatures
on earth
Rise by 1,4OC and 5,8oC within 100 years
➔ Green house CAUSES:
➔ Traps heat ➢ Gases that absorb heat energy are called
➔ Growing plants CONSEQUENCES FOR AFRICA:
Greenhouse gases. ✓ Contributed least to global warming (4%)
➔ Insolation enters ➢ Amounts of these are increasing.
➔ Terrestrial radiation cant escape ✓ Likely to suffer the most
➢ Greater absorption ✓ Climate change – floods, droughts
➔ Atmosphere acts like a greenhouse
➔ Allows insolation to enter ✓ Animal and plant extinction
REASONS: ✓ Destruction of tropical forests
➔ Water vapour, CO2 and pollution reflects
terrestrial radiation. Increasing industrialisation - carbon ✓ Adverse effects on agriculture
dioxide, nitrous oxide ✓ Falling yields – hunger – malnutrition
MANS IMPACT ON THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT: Deforestation – less absorption of carbon ✓ Melting ice caps and glaciers
• Man adding excessive greenhouse gases dioxide and release of oxygen – rise in sea levels 50cm by 2100
• This enhances the greenhouse effect T’s Population explosion – more oxygen intake, ✓ Increase illnesses – malaria, cholera, heat stress
• More heat energy is absorbed and reflected back more carbon dioxide release ✓ Increase fires – low humidity, strong winds,
to earth called GLOBAL WARMING. Livestock especially cattle increases–manure high temps
– methane–absorbs more heat energy than CO2 ✓ Migration – people equator – e and animals
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