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samenvatting H7: patterning and anteroposterior patterning P. callaerts
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samenvatting van het vak concepts of developmental biology. H7: patterning and anteroposterior patterning van prof Callaerts
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H7: PATTERNING-ANTEROPOSTERIOR PATTERNING
P. CALLAERTS
Inhoudsopgave
7.1 MATERNAL AND SEGMENTATION GENES REVISITED............................................2
7.2 THE BODY PLAN AND HOMEOTIC GENES............................................................3
7.2.1 HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS: CHANGE OF DEVELOPMENTAL FATE.................................................4
7.3 THE LEWIS MODEL............................................................................................ 4
7.4 DROSOPHILA HOX GENES ARE ORGANIZED IN TWO CLUSTERS............................5
7.5 THE HOMEOBOX ENCODES THE HOMEODOMAIN.................................................5
7.6 COLINEAR HOX GENE EXPRESSION....................................................................6
7.7 HOX GENES IN OTHER SPECIES – VERTEBRATES AND MAMMALS..........................6
7.7.1 VERTEBRATE HOX CLUSTERS................................................................................................... 6
7.7.2 MAMMALIAN HOX CLUSTERS.................................................................................................... 7
7.8 HOX GENES: AN ANCIENT SYSTEM FOR BODY PATTERNING.................................7
7.9 HOX GENES: LIMB PATTERNING – MEDICAL RELEVANCE......................................8
7.9.1 MUTATION IN HOXD13........................................................................................................... 8
7.10 HOX GENES: A MODEL TO STUDY EVOLUTION...................................................9
7.11 A CASE STUDY: CHANGING LIMB NUMBERS IN ARTHROPODS............................9
7.11.1 CHANGING HOX PROTEIN FUNCTION........................................................................................ 9
7.11.2 CHANGING HOX GENE EXPRESSION......................................................................................... 9
7.11.3 CHANGING HOX TARGET GENES............................................................................................. 9
Goals:
To define homeotic transformations and give examples in Drosophila and mouse
1
, To explain the Lewis model
To know the organization of the Hox genes in Drosophila and in mouse
To define the homeobox and the homeodomain
To define colinearity of Hox genes
To know and explain an example in biomedicine of Hox genes and their relevance
To know how limb numbers in Arthropods can change in evolution
How is developmental fate along the anteroposterior axis determined?
Hox genes: a Swiss army knife for development and evolution. Hox genes are a key component
in this process.
7.1 MATERNAL AND SEGMENTATION GENES REVISITED
How is each segment distinguished from the next segment?
Hox genes were first defined and identified in drosophila
Previous class (H5)
Anterior and posterior determinants: bicoid and nanos which have localized mRNA
which become proteins and form an opposing gradient. Maternally deposited genes
generate a gradient
These gradients are then subsequently converted into increasingly defined expression
patterns of the 3 categories of segmentation genes:
1) Gap genes
2) Pair-rule genes
3) Segment polarity genes
We know how to make segments, but we don’t know how each segment is gaining its
identity!
We have seen this in H5 (positional information)
2
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