PATHO Exam 1 Maryville 2024/2025
1. How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANS -Insulin
transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with
glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium
levels by stimulating the NA/K ATP pump, thereby promoting the
movement of potassium into the liver and muscle cells
simultaneously with glucose transport after eating. The
intracellular movement of potassium prevents and acute
hyperkalemia related to food intake.
Hyperkalemia can be treated several pharmacological ways.
Hyperkalemia is managed by treating the cause. Normalizing the
extracellular potassium concentration is achieved by looking at the
severity. Insulin can be used to treat hyperkalemia. When insulin is
,administered it facilitates cellular entry of potassium. Causes a
decrease in serum potassium.
2. Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte
imbalances? - ANS -Lowers K, metabolic acidosis. The hormone
aldosterone regulates the sodium balance. In Hyperaldosteronism
there is an increased sodium reabsorption and corresponding
hypervolemia.
3. What mechanisms cause hypernatremia? - ANS -
Hyperaldosteronism, high sodium levels occur because:
inadequate free water intake, inappropriate administration of
hypertonic saline solution, high sodium levels as a result of over
secretion of aldosterone, Cushing syndrome (excess secretion of
ACTH, which also causes increased secretion of aldosterone).
,The mechanisms that contribute to hypernatremia are a sodium gain
or loss of water. Sodium and water are inversely related. High intake
of dietary salt rarely causes hypernatremia. More likely causes are
inadequate free water intake, inappropriate administration of
hypertonic saline solution (ex HCO3 in cardiac arrest), high sodium
levels as a result of over secretion of aldosterone (primary
hyperaldosteronism), Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by and
excess secretion of ACTH).
4. Which buffers work the fastest (in minutes to hours)? - ANS -The
buffer that works in minutes to ours is the lungs. The lungs
regulate retention and elimination of CO2 and therefore they
regulate H2CO3 concentration.
5. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of
thirst are stimulated by a(n) what? - ANS -Increase in plasma
, osmolality. Secretion of ADH and perception of thirst are primary
factors in the regulation of water balance. Thirst is a sensation
that stimulates water drinking behavior. Thirst is experienced
when water loss equals 2% of an individual's body weight or when
there is an increase in osmolality.
An osmoreceptor is a neuron located in the hypothalamus that are
stimulated by increased osmolality. The action of these receptors
causes thirst and a secretion of ADH.
6. Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids
can result in what? - ANS -A mag greater than 2.5. Mag and
Aluminum containing medications can potentiate excess mag.
Excess mag can severely depress skeletal muscles, contractions
and nerve function. The signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia
1. How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANS -Insulin
transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with
glucose. Insulin contributes to the regulation of plasma potassium
levels by stimulating the NA/K ATP pump, thereby promoting the
movement of potassium into the liver and muscle cells
simultaneously with glucose transport after eating. The
intracellular movement of potassium prevents and acute
hyperkalemia related to food intake.
Hyperkalemia can be treated several pharmacological ways.
Hyperkalemia is managed by treating the cause. Normalizing the
extracellular potassium concentration is achieved by looking at the
severity. Insulin can be used to treat hyperkalemia. When insulin is
,administered it facilitates cellular entry of potassium. Causes a
decrease in serum potassium.
2. Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte
imbalances? - ANS -Lowers K, metabolic acidosis. The hormone
aldosterone regulates the sodium balance. In Hyperaldosteronism
there is an increased sodium reabsorption and corresponding
hypervolemia.
3. What mechanisms cause hypernatremia? - ANS -
Hyperaldosteronism, high sodium levels occur because:
inadequate free water intake, inappropriate administration of
hypertonic saline solution, high sodium levels as a result of over
secretion of aldosterone, Cushing syndrome (excess secretion of
ACTH, which also causes increased secretion of aldosterone).
,The mechanisms that contribute to hypernatremia are a sodium gain
or loss of water. Sodium and water are inversely related. High intake
of dietary salt rarely causes hypernatremia. More likely causes are
inadequate free water intake, inappropriate administration of
hypertonic saline solution (ex HCO3 in cardiac arrest), high sodium
levels as a result of over secretion of aldosterone (primary
hyperaldosteronism), Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by and
excess secretion of ACTH).
4. Which buffers work the fastest (in minutes to hours)? - ANS -The
buffer that works in minutes to ours is the lungs. The lungs
regulate retention and elimination of CO2 and therefore they
regulate H2CO3 concentration.
5. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of
thirst are stimulated by a(n) what? - ANS -Increase in plasma
, osmolality. Secretion of ADH and perception of thirst are primary
factors in the regulation of water balance. Thirst is a sensation
that stimulates water drinking behavior. Thirst is experienced
when water loss equals 2% of an individual's body weight or when
there is an increase in osmolality.
An osmoreceptor is a neuron located in the hypothalamus that are
stimulated by increased osmolality. The action of these receptors
causes thirst and a secretion of ADH.
6. Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids
can result in what? - ANS -A mag greater than 2.5. Mag and
Aluminum containing medications can potentiate excess mag.
Excess mag can severely depress skeletal muscles, contractions
and nerve function. The signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia
