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AP BIOLOGY EXAM College Board Questions and Answers

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AP BIOLOGY EXAM College Board Questions and Answers What are ionic bonds transfer of valence electrons between atoms Covalent Bonds Sharing of electrons are occurring Monosaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose What is the primary structure of proteins Refers to unique linear s...

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  • May 7, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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AP BIOLOGY EXAM College Board Questions
and Answers
What are ionic bonds
transfer of valence electrons between atoms


Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons are occurring


Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose


What is the primary structure of proteins
Refers to unique linear structure of amino acids. The slightest change in amino acid structure means
extreme consequences that are detrimental


Describe the structure and organelles of prokaryotic organisms
-No internal membranes
-No nuclear membrane
-Mitochondrions
-Vacuoles
-Cytoskeleton is absent
-Mainly unicellular


Describe the structure and organelles of an euokaryotic organism
-Cell membrane bound organelles
-The ribosomes are usually surrounded by histone proteins
-Cytoskeleton is present
-Multi-cellular with differentiation of cell types


What is interphase?
Consists of G1 and G2;

G1 phase is a period of intense growth and biochemical activity
G2 is when the cell continues to grow and to complete preparations for cellular division


What are peroxisomes
found in both plant and animal cells
contain catalase
detoxify alcohol in liver cells


What is passive transport
Molecules movement down a concentration gradient from a high to low concentration


What is a hypotonic solution
This is a concentration of solute in the beaker that is less than the concentration of solute inside of
the actual cell

, What does it mean when a cell is turgid
When water has moved into the cell and ultimately has swelled it up a lot to the point where it is hard
snd such


What does it mean when a cell is flaccid
A flaccid cell means water has moved out of the cell and has made it lose and such


What are G-protein coupled receptors?
Span entire cellular membrane; when ligand binds to extracellular domain of the receptor; it changes
conformation of cytoplasmic side receptor


What is signal transduction pathway?
Multi-Step process in which a small number of extracellular signal molecules produce a major cellular
response; cascade response, like falling dominoes

ADVANTAGE: produces a way for the signal to be amplified all across the cell


Why is apoptosis a thing
1) During embryonic development, when cells or tissues are no longer needed, they die and are
engulfed by neighboring cells

2) Cell has sustained too much genetic damage which can lead to cancer

3) In plant cells, apoptosis is an important defense mechanism against infections


What is the electron transport chain?
A protein pump in the mitochondria that couples two reactions, one endergonic and one exergonic


What are the stages of meiosis 1
Prophase 1

-Synapsis, pairing of homologous
-Crossing over, exchange of homologous bits of chromosomes
-Chiasmata, visible manifestations of crossover events

Metaphase 1:

-Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up in a double line along the metaphase plate
-Splindle fibers from poles are attached to centromeres

Anaphase 1: The homologous pairs of cchromosomes are separated and pull apart

Cytokinesis 1: Usually occurs simultaneously with telophase 1


What is cell cycle regulation
Several checkpoints that act as built in stop signals that halt the cell unless they are overridden by go
ahead signals

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