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Summary WHC4004 Health and Labour Participation: Past, Present and Future Tutorials
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WHC4004Case 1 - Pre-discussion
1. What is the concept of decent work (4 pillars)?
2. What is the job quality framework?
3. How is the development of decent work over time including legislations etc.?
a. Framework Directive (1989)
b. What is the decent agenda by the ILO? (1999)
c. What is the 2030 agenda for sustainable development (future, goal 2023)?
4. What are factors that contribute to the variety of decent work?
5. What are factors that hinder the variety of decent work (7 mechanisms)?
6. What are the vulnerable groups for decent work?
7. What are the challenges of decent work in the European Union / changing labour
work?
8. How does decent work relate to the ICF?
Reading suggestions:
1. Eurofound à key challenges (in beginning) + vulnerable groups + factors
2. European Commission à history, pillars, definition (chapter 1) + factors of decent wor
(chapter 4)
3. Laurence à interrelationship between 4 pillars
4. Heerkens à decent work and ICF framework
5. Inspectors SZW à 7 pillars
6. Website elevatelimeted.com à CSDD , first three chapters of ILO (not known in detail)
1
, Lecture 1 - Introduction
PAST OF HEALTH AND LABOUR PARTICIPATION
Important economic transformations:
- Agricultural revolution (5000 years ago)
- Industrial revolution (19th century)
o 1765: Stream engine (James Watt) à Previously, own small companies. From
that moment on, production of for instance ceramics, pots could be scaled up.
The start of mass production:
§ Working in factories
§ Mass production
§ Division of labour and specialization
§ Wage labour
Industrial revolution = broad spectrum of social, economic and technological transformation
that surrounded the development of modern industry forms in the mid-eighteenth and the
early twentieth century (Giddens & Sutton, 2021)
Industrialization = the replacement of human and animal labour with machines; beginning
with the development of modern forms of industry in factories, machines and large-scale
production processes (Giddens & Sutton, 2021)
Workers’ movement:
- Because workers were in one factory
- Carl Marx’s book ‘’Das Kapital’’: clash between those who have the money and those
who do the work
- Workers
o No control over process and product
o No control of working times
o Repetitive work and no opportunities for development
o Competition instead of cooperation
Labour laws were introduced because of this movement (19th / early 20th century)
o Child labour
o Working hours
o Safety measures
à Introduction of new vision on working days: 8 hour working day, 8 hours of recreation, 8
hours of rest
à Labour inspectors
Welfare state (since 1883):
- First in Germany in 1883
- Definition: a political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for citizen
by cash, services and subsidies.
- Bambra
o Pre-welfare state: food and shelter
o Golden age of the welfare state: links to both working class power + capitalism
2
,Welfare state:
- Provision of key welfare services by
o Solidarity (regarding payment of premium and taxes)
o Decommodification (commodification means selling your abilities; payment
for citizens who cannot work)
o Defamilisation (your money is not checked by your facility, own choice what
you buy)
Bismarckian welfare state: premium based à social funds
- Von Bismarck (DE): health insurance 1883
o Insurances for employees only (health,
disability)
o Regulated by state, agreed upon by employers
o Not universal, only access for working citizens
Beveridge welfare state: tax based à redistribution
- Sir Beveridge (UK): national welfare system
o National health service
o Initiated and organized by state
o All citizens pay taxes (universal access; for everyone)
è NL: mix of both systems. Bismarckian with Beveridge (toeslagen, bijstand etc.)
1900-1940 Efficient production: Taylorism / Fordism / Scientific management à division of
labour in tasks
- Human factor was neglected. Humans were considered as machines, but:
à Hawthorne studies (1924-1932) attention counts.
§ Research on the optimal level of light for working
§ Irrespective of the light, the production increased à attention or
appreciation
§ Hawthorne effect: appreciation/ attention increases the production
This human factor was however again neglected during the second world war (1940-1945)
Post-industrial society (from 1950s onwards)
- From products to ideas
- From mechanical to literacy skills (writing, speaking)
- Decentralization of work away from factories
Post-Fordism (from 1960s on)
- Flexibility
- Specialization
- Tailor made
- Insecure contracts
1950’s: Hans Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) à
1. Stress response
2. Adaption (resistance)
3
, 3. Continuing adaption leads to exhaustion
1960-1970: Humanization of labour
- Michigan stress group
Humanization of labour (Hochfeld): 2 models
- No alienation from work (Marxist approach) did not find with technological
developments
- Material welfare; proper occupation and greater freedom
From 1980’s on: socio-technique: better designs of jobs
- Learning opportunities
- Autonomy
In the Netherlands:
- Good working conditions
- Good working relations
- Healthy exposure
- Healthy job content
Basic model of work stress à
Biopsychosocial model (BPS) (Engel, 1977): Health is
represented in a biological, social and psychological way (also
causes for ‘unhealth’) à
4
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