Who was tried in the Nuremburg Military Tribunals and why? Correct Answer: Doctors who
committed war crimes against humanity including medical experiments on concentration camp
inmates and other human subjects without consent
What was the outcome of the Nuremburg Military Tribunals? Correct An...
2023 CCRP Exam Prep| 30 PAGES(300
QUESTIONS)| WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Who was tried in the Nuremburg Military Tribunals and why? Correct Answer: Doctors who
committed war crimes against humanity including medical experiments on concentration camp
inmates and other human subjects without consent
What was the outcome of the Nuremburg Military Tribunals? Correct Answer: After 140 days
of proceedings with testimony of 85 witnesses and submission of 1,500 documents, American
judges convicted 16 doctors on 8/20/1947. Seven were sentenced to death and executed
6/2/1948.
What historical document was born from the Nuremberg Military Tribunals? Correct Answer:
The Nuremberg Code (1947)
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and
injury... Correct Answer: should be avoided
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), voluntary consent of the human subject is... Correct
Answer: absolutely essential
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), the experiment must yield.... Correct Answer:
generalizable knowledge that could not be obtained in any other way and is not random and
unnecessary in nature
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), animal experimentation should... Correct Answer:
precede human experimentation
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), no experiment should be conducted if there is reason
to believe... Correct Answer: death of disabling injury will occur
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), the degree of risk to subject should... Correct Answer:
never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), risk to subjects should be minimized through...
Correct Answer: proper preparations
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), experiments should only be conducted by... Correct
Answer: scientifically qualified investigators
According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), subjects should always be at liberty to... Correct
Answer: withdraw from experiments
,According to the Nuremberg Code (1947), investigators must be ready to end an experiment at
any stage if... Correct Answer: there is cause to believe that continuing the experiment is likely
to result in injury, disability, or death to the subject
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) emphasized what? Correct Answer: Brought about by the
need for human research as opposed to human experimentation and better defined the criteria for
consent
What organization originally adopted the Declaration of Helsinki? Correct Answer: The World
Medical Association General Assembly
What did the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) provide recommendations for? Correct Answer:
Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) reiterated the basic ethical principles from what document?
Correct Answer: The Nuremberg Code
According to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), informed consent must be obtained from who?
Correct Answer: The subject or legal guardian
According to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), design and performance of experimental
procedure must be... Correct Answer: formulated in a clear protocol
According to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), research protocols should be transmitted to...
Correct Answer: a specially appointed independent committee for consideration, comment and
guidance
Who ran the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male? Correct Answer: The US
Public Health Service and the Tuskegee Institute
What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Experiments? Correct Answer: To justify treatment
programs for black Americans
When were the Tuskegee Experiments intiated? Correct Answer: 1932
What were the the concerns with the Tuskegee experiments? Correct Answer: -No informed
consent
-Misleading advertisement
-Had to agree to autopsy to have funeral costs covered
-Treatment denied to some patients
-Risky spinal tap diagnostic
Who broke the story of the Tuskegee Experiments? Correct Answer: Peter Buxton told the story
to an Associated Press reporter
, When did the Tuskegee Study end? Correct Answer: 1972, 25 years after a cure was known and
publicly available
How were participants in the Tuskegee experiments impacted? Correct Answer: 28 died from
syphilis, 100 died from related diseases, and 40 wives and 19 children were infected
What historical document was the direct result of the Tuskegee Syphilis Trial? Correct Answer:
The Belmont Report (1979)
When was the Henry K Beecher paper published? Correct Answer: Published in 1966
How was the Belmont Report (1979) developed? Correct Answer: The report of the National
Commission for the Protecting of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research,
founded as a result of the national Research Act passed by Congress in 1974
The Belmont Report (1979) defines the boundaries between ________ and ________ Correct
Answer: Practice and research
According to the Belmont Report (1979), practice is defined as Correct Answer: interventions
designed solely to enhance well-being of the patient with reasonable expectation of success
According to the Belmont Report (1979), research is defined as Correct Answer: activity
designed to test a hypothesis and draw a conclusion to develop or contribute to generalized
knowledge
According to the Belmont Report (1979), the informed consent process is an example of what
foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons
According to the Belmont Report (1979), treating people as independence is an example of what
foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons
According to the Belmont Report (1979), respect for persons means that those with diminished
authority are entitled to... Correct Answer: Protection
According to the Belmont Report (1979), subjects entering into research voluntarily and with
adequate information is an example of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer:
Respect for persons
According to the Belmont Report (1979), concerns for privacy and confidentiality are an
example of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer: Respect for persons
According to the Belmont Report (1979), respecting decisions, protecting from harm, and
securing well-being are examples of what foundation of ethical research? Correct Answer:
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