English: International communication (L_ETBACIW102)
All documents for this subject (2)
2
reviews
By: kailynwilliams94 • 4 year ago
By: dorinekruijver • 5 year ago
Seller
Follow
saskiakluiters
Reviews received
Content preview
ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY – PHILIP CARR
CHAPTER 1: ENGLISH PHONETICS: CONSONANTS (I)
Airstream = the passage of air from the lungs out through the oral and nasal cavities
• Can be modified at the Larynx, in which the vocal folds/cords are located
o Voiced / voiceless
Place of articulation
• Glottal = the space between the vocal cords / glottis
• Bilabial = a constriction between the lower lip and upper lip (pit)
• Labio-dental = a constriction between the lower lip and upper teeth (fit)
• Dental = a constriction between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth (thin)
• Alveolar = a constriction between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge (sin)
• Palato-alveolar = a constriction between the tip of the tongue and the palato-alveolar / post-
alveolar reion (ship)
• Palatal = a constriction between the front of the tongue and the hard palate (yes)
• Velar = a constriction between the back of the tongue and the velum (cool)
Manner of articulation
• Stops / plosives
o Form a stricture of complete closure (pit)
o Glottal stop = one further stop, complete closure between the vocal folds
▪ Scottish pronunciation of butter
• Fricatives
o Close approximation (fit)
o Bringing together two articulators to the point where the airflow is not quite fully blocked,
enough of a gap remains for air to escape
• Approximants
o Open approximation (yes)
CHAPTER 2: ENGLISH PHONETICS: CONSONANTS (II)
Voiced alveolar tap (flap) = during the articulation of this sound, the blade of the tongue comes into a
momentary constriction of complete closure with the alveolar ridge
• The sound that many American speakers have instead of [t] or [d] in words as:
betty, witty, rider, heady, etc
1
, Voiced alveolar trill = the trills are produced by holding one articulator next to the other in a constriction
of complete closure, but without the same muscular pressure as one finds in stops
• In words as: rat, rope, reap, prude, true, creep
Laterals may be produced with an additional articulation: primary articulation and secondary
articulation
• Velarization = when a secondary articulation is velar (dark l)
• Palatization = when a secondary articulation is palatal (clear l)
Affricates = sounds produced with a constriction of complete closure followed by a release phase in
which friction occurs
Aspiration = a 'stronger puff of air'
Oral sounds = sounds in which the velum is raised
Nasal stops = sounds produced with the velum lowered and with air escaping through the nasal cavity
alone
Assimilation = processes in which one sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound
• Nasal stop articulation reflects the process of assimilation
Ease of articulation = a nasal is articulated in the same place as the following fricative, to save the
speaker the articulatory effort of moving from bilabial tot labio-dental articulation
CHAPTER 3: ENGLISH PHONETICS: VOW ELS (I)
The primary cardinal vowels
• Vowel space = the available space for articulations
• Dimensions
o High/low = depicts the height of the body of the tongue during the articulation of the vowel
(vertical axis in the diagram)
o Front/back = depicts the extent to which the body of the tongue lies forwards the front of
the vowel space (horizontal axis)
▪ Front - central – back
o Lip position = whether the lips are rounded or not
2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller saskiakluiters. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.95. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
