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Notes/Summary of Herpetology Lectures
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Notes from the Herpetology Lectures.
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HerpetologieHoorcollege 1
We’re allowed to do interpretative dance to present our self-built alien.
You can make your own groups pog.
The actual lecture
nothing
Hoorcollege 2
Herpeton is the Greek word for “crawling things”. The basis of the systematics is taxonomy (the rules
for classification), the basic unit or taxon equates to the species. Up from that we have groups
(higher taxa/taxon). Linne’s taxonomy is one of the first proposed systems and uses a binomial
system: genus + species (Canis lupus familiaris – familiaris being subspecies).
Definition of a species:
- Morphology
o Problems: sibling species (very similar ones basically, but on different continents for
example and therefore different) and cryptic species (different physiology).
o Biological: based on reproduction (‘seperately evolving metapopulation lineage”) –
matches genetics. For further differentials we use subspecies, or breeds/races if
humans get involved in breeding subspecies.
o Phylogenetic (no subspecies)
The classification of organisms. The domains: Archaea (ancient/special bacteria), bacteria,
eukaryote.
,For example the bear: domain (eukarya) → kingdom (animalia) → phylum (chordata) → class
(mammalia) → order (carnivora) → family (Ursidae) → genus (ursus) → species (ursus arctos).
Some sub-taxons were put in to divide the non-mammalian animals a bit better.
Evolution is descent with modification: change in genetic composition of a population from
generation to generation. Therefore species evolve, but not individuals. Evolution has no goals and
perfect organisms do not exist (and god is dead).
Ancient whales actually also had all 4 limbs, but modern whales only have it rudimentarily (no actual
outside lump or
stump to indicate
the limp, only a
few bones in the
abdomen).
Phylogenetics is
the study of
evolution and
relationsships
among or within
groups of
organisms.
Relations are
,determined by observed heritable traits.
Cladistics (phylogenetic systematics) tries to reflect phylogeny based on shared, derived
characteristics (synapomorphies).
We will focus on chordates and vertebrates. We also have cartilogenous fish, who are different from
the bony fish. Amfibians are as far to the mammals just as far as they are to the reptiles. Birds are
closely related to reptilia (im not sure if that is what she said).
Based on similar characteristics are closely related
to each other.
The hornbill bird and toucan are very similar in
their physiological traits, but developed
differently on different continetens. Same goes for
golden poison frog and the golden mantella frog.
Something about convergence?
In australia the marsupials took a lot of roles
normally other species would fill in. So you have
maruspial mice for example.
Reptiles normally inhabit land, but if they swim
they have a bigger transition from their ancient
ancestors.
Most normal adult amfibians inhabit the land.
You can both have convergence and divergence.
An example of divergence is specialising your
limb for running. The blueprint for limb is as
follows. And it is is called the pentadactyl limb.
Convergence looks alike but is different.
, Analogy has the same function, but is
different. Homoplasy only looks alike but is
different. Homology has the same origin.
If you take different wings you can really see
how they interact between these different
categories.
We can see something in de the development
of the embryo and their different
characteristics. The amnion is also very
important. The ontogeny development is in
time (days). Just because an adaptation is
different, doesn’t mean it is worse. A
primitive species just means it was ancient
and happy with its lifestyle despite being
relatively ‘simple’.
Monophyletic
(amphibian) and
paraphyletic
(reptiles). Reptiles
should also include
birds according to
some. A better
definition is saying
paraphyletic + birds.
Taxon 3 would be
polyphiletic
(endotherms, or
higher vertebrates).
Usually you can see
parallels.
Imagine being extinct Acanthodii,
couldn’t be me.
Somge Sarcopterygii have more
than 5 digits. The ancient species
like lung fish (2 species), and 1
species of coelacanth around.
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