D265 Critical Thinking Study Exam Questions And Answers 100% Verified

D265 Critical Thinking Study Exam Questions And Answers 100% Verified Critical Thinking - answerThe ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning/to be critical of your own reasoning. Propositions - answerThe fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a statement that can be true or false. Simple propositions - answerThey have no internal logic structure, they are simply true or false based on how the world is. Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - answerSimple proposition Complex propositions - answerThey have internal logic structure, and whether they are true or false depends on if their parts are true or false. If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our laws and policies. - answerComplex proposition Argument - answerContains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion and one or more premises that lend support to the conclusion. Premise - answerA proposition that supports the conclusion. Conclusion Indicators - answerTherefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result. Premise Indicators - answerBecause, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by. Conclusion - answerThe claim that the whole argument is intended to support or prove. Deduction - answerArguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion. Types of arguments that are deductive - answerMathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition. Induction - answerArguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be true. Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - answerAnalogies, authority, casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations. P1: Monty is in Bejing P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - answerDeductive argument P1: Monty is really shy P2: Monty rarely goes to parties Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - answerInductive/ampliative argument Soundness/Validity - answerElements of a deductive argument Validity - answerIf true, the premises make the conclusion true Soundness - answerThe argument's premises guarantee the conclusion when true (Validity), and all premises are true Strength/Cogency - answerElements of an inductive argument Strength - answerThe premises give probable support for the conclusion. Cogent - answerThe premises give probable support towards the conclusion when true (Strength), and all premises are true Fallacy - answerA defect in reasoning Formal Fallacy - answerA defect in the structure of an argument Informal Fallacy - answerA defect in the content of an argument Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent) basic structure - answerP1. If X, then Y P2. X C: Therefore, Y No Formal Fallacy P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy P2. I am in Rome. C: Therefore, I am in Italy - answerModus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent) Affirming the Consequent basic structure - answerP1. If X, then Y P2. Y C: Therefore, X