Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen (K000325A)
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Samenvatting Kennis maken - Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen (K000325A)
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Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen (K000325A)
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Universiteit Gent (UGent)
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Kennis maken
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Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen (K000325A)
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METHODOLOGIE VAN DE
SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN
Rood = begrip
(ctrl + linkermuisknop op inhoudstabel voor hyperlink)
Inhoudstabel
H1: Waarom sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek?.........................................................................................................7
1.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2. Enkele voorbeelden..............................................................................................................................................7
1.3. De wetenschappelijke aanpak..............................................................................................................................7
1.3.1. Wetenschap: een specifieke benadering......................................................................................................7
1.3.2. Alternatieve bronnen van kennis over de werkelijkheid..............................................................................7
H2: Bouwstenen en soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................................................7
2.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Bouwstenen van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek..........................................................................................8
2.2.1 Theorie & empirie..........................................................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Inductie & deductie........................................................................................................................................9
2.2.3. De empirische cyclus van wetenschappelijk onderzoek...............................................................................9
2.3. Evaluatiecriteria voor wetenschappelijke kennis...............................................................................................10
2.3.1 Betrouwbaarheid.........................................................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Validiteit.......................................................................................................................................................10
2.3.3. Vakmanschap als kwaliteit..........................................................................................................................11
2.4. Soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek.....................................................................................................11
2.4.1. Toepassingsgebied: theoriegericht versus praktijkgericht onderzoek.......................................................11
2.4.2 Onderzoeksmethodologie: kwantitatief vs kwalitatief onderzoek..............................................................12
H3: Filosofische achtergrond: epistemologische beginselen........................................................................................12
3.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................12
3.2. De ontwikkeling van de epistemologie van de wetenschappen........................................................................13
3.2.1. Empirische natuurwetenschap: positivisme & empirisme.........................................................................13
3.2.2. David Humes scepticisme...........................................................................................................................13
3.2.3. Wiener Kreis: logisch positivisme en verificationisme................................................................................14
1
, 3.2.4. Karl Popper: principe van falsificatie...........................................................................................................14
3.2.5. Thomas Kuhns paradigma’s........................................................................................................................15
3.2.6. Imre Lakatos: theorie met meerinhoud......................................................................................................15
3.3. Wat met sociale wetenschappen?.....................................................................................................................15
3.3.2. Positivisme binnen de sociale wetenschappen..........................................................................................15
3.3.3. Constructivisme binnen de sociale wetenschappen...................................................................................16
H4: Ethiek in sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek.........................................................................................................16
4.1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................16
4.2. Hoe omgaan met deelnemers aan onderzoek...................................................................................................16
4.2.1. Vermijden van schade als basisprincipe.....................................................................................................16
4.2.2. Vrijwillige toestemming of ‘informed consent’..........................................................................................16
4.2.3. Privacy, vertrouwelijkheid, anonimisering..................................................................................................17
4.3. Professionele standaarden en deontologie.......................................................................................................18
4.4. Samenleving en wetenschap..............................................................................................................................18
H5: Onderzoek ontwerpen: strategie en doelstellingen...............................................................................................18
5.1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................18
5.2. Het onderzoeksplan............................................................................................................................................18
5.3. Probleemformulering of probleemstelling.........................................................................................................19
5.3.1. Algemene vraagstelling & onderzoeksdoelstelling: fundamenteel vs praktijkgericht?.............................19
5.3.2. Literatuurstudie: status quaestionis...........................................................................................................20
5.3.3. Vraagstelling en onderzoeksvragen............................................................................................................20
5.4. Onderzoeksopzet of technisch ontwerp............................................................................................................21
5.4.1. Plaats en situatie van waarneming: waar?.................................................................................................21
5.4.2. Tijdstip en periode van waarneming: wanneer en hoe lang?.....................................................................22
5.4.3. Onderzoekseenheden en kenmerken: wie?...............................................................................................22
5.4.4. Methode van waarneming: hoe?................................................................................................................22
5.4.5. Tijdsplanning en financieel overzicht..........................................................................................................23
H6: Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve meting.....................................................................................................................23
6.1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................23
6.2. Meten: enkele basisbegrippen...........................................................................................................................23
6.2.1. Het meetproces...........................................................................................................................................23
6.2.2. Soorten concepten......................................................................................................................................24
6.2.3. Meten: kwantitatieve versus kwalitatieve benaderingen..........................................................................24
6.3. Kwantitatief meten.............................................................................................................................................24
2
, 6.3.1. Uitgangspunt: klassieke testtheorie............................................................................................................24
6.3.2. Enkele kenmerken van kwantitatieve variabelen.......................................................................................25
6.3.3. Schaaltechnieken........................................................................................................................................25
6.3.4. Operationaliseren van relaties tussen variabelen......................................................................................26
6.3.5. Betrouwbaarheid nagaan?..........................................................................................................................27
6.3.6. Meetvaliditeit nagaan?...............................................................................................................................27
6.4. Kwalitatieve meting............................................................................................................................................28
6.4.1. Het open karakter van kwalitatieve benaderingen....................................................................................28
6.4.2. Enkele illustraties van kwalitatieve benaderingen.....................................................................................28
6.4.2.1. De gefundeerde theoriebenadering......................................................................28
6.4.2.2. Kwalitatieve Comparatieve Analyse (QCA)............................................................29
6.4.3. De kwaliteit van kwalitatieve metingen......................................................................................................29
H7: Selectie van onderzoekseenheden: steekproeven..................................................................................................29
7.1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................29
7.1.1. Onderzoekseenheden, populatie en steekproef........................................................................................29
7.1.2. Steekproeven: twee logica’s van selectie...................................................................................................30
7.2. Toevalsteekproeven...........................................................................................................................................30
7.2.1. Stappen bij het trekken van toevalssteekproeven.....................................................................................30
7.2.2. Types toevalsteekproeven..........................................................................................................................31
7.2.2.1. De enkelvoudige toevalsteekproef........................................................................31
7.2.2.2. De gestratificeerde steekproef..............................................................................31
7.2.2.3. De clustersteekproef & tweetrapssteekproef.......................................................31
7.2.2.4. De tweefasensteekproef.......................................................................................32
7.2.3. Foutenbronnen bij steekproeftrekking.......................................................................................................32
7.2.3.1. Dekkingsfouten......................................................................................................32
7.2.3.2. Steekproeffouten...................................................................................................32
7.2.3.3. Non-responsfouten...............................................................................................33
7.2.4. Steekproefgrootte.......................................................................................................................................33
7.2.5. Kwantitatieve niet-toevalssteekproeven....................................................................................................34
7.3. Theoretische steekproeven................................................................................................................................35
7.3.1. De eigenheid van theoretische steekproeftrekking....................................................................................35
7.3.2. Strategieën in theoretische steekproeftrekking.........................................................................................35
7.3.2.1. De doelgerichte steekproef...................................................................................35
3
, 7.3.2.2. De sneeuwbalsteekproef.......................................................................................35
7.3.2.3. De gelegendheidssteekproef.................................................................................35
H8: Experimentele ontwerpen.......................................................................................................................................36
8.1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................36
8.2. Onderdelen van het klassieke experimentele ontwerp.....................................................................................36
8.2.1. Basisschema van een klassiek experiment.................................................................................................36
8.2.2. Randomisering en matchen........................................................................................................................36
8.2.3. Effect van de stimulus.................................................................................................................................37
8.2.4. Voormeting.................................................................................................................................................37
8.3. Bedreigingen van de interne validiteit...............................................................................................................38
8.3.1. Buitenexperimentele gebeurtenissen.........................................................................................................38
8.3.2. Maturatie of spontane veranderingen........................................................................................................38
8.3.3. Testeffect.....................................................................................................................................................39
8.3.4. Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................................39
8.3.5. Statische regressie.......................................................................................................................................39
8.3.6. Selectie........................................................................................................................................................39
8.3.7. Uitval...........................................................................................................................................................39
8.3.8. Verwachtingen van de onderzoeker...........................................................................................................39
8.4. Bedreigingen van de externe validiteit...............................................................................................................40
8.4.1. Populatievaliditeit.......................................................................................................................................40
8.4.2. Naturalistische validiteit.............................................................................................................................40
8.5. Alternatieven op de klassieke experimentele onderwerpen.............................................................................40
8.5.1. Quasi-experimentele ontwerpen................................................................................................................41
8.5.1.1. Tijdreeksontwerp...................................................................................................41
8.5.1.2. Niet-equivalent ontwerp met vergelijkingsgroep.................................................41
8.5.1.3. Afzonderlijke-steekproef ontwerp met voor- en nameting..................................41
8.5.2. Pre-experimentele ontwerpen....................................................................................................................42
8.5.2.1. Groep met alleen nameting...................................................................................42
8.5.2.2. Groep met voor- en nameting...............................................................................42
8.5.2.3. bestaande groepen met alleen nameting.............................................................42
8.6. Ethische bekommernissen..................................................................................................................................42
H9: Surveyonderzoek.....................................................................................................................................................43
9.1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................43
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