Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander Johnson
5th Edition
9780393680379
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Table of Contents
Chapter 01: Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life 1
Chapter 02: Chemical Components of Cells 28
Chapter 03: Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis 61
Chapter 04: Protein Structure and Function 92
Chapter 05: DNA and Chromosomes 126
Chapter 06: DNA Replication and Repair 152
Chapter 07: From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome 182
Chapter 08: Control of Gene Expression 223
Chapter 09: How Genes and Genomes Evolve 262
Chapter 10: Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes 293
Chapter 11: Membrane Structure 326
Chapter 12: Transport Across Cell Membranes 346
Chapter 13: How Cells Obtain Energy from Food 376
Chapter 14: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 406
Chapter 15: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport 435
Chapter 16: Cell Signaling 468
Chapter 17: Cytoskeleton 504
Chapter 18: The Cell-Division Cycle 538
Chapter 19: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 569
Chapter 20: Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer 606
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Test Bank - Essential Cell Biology, 5th Edition (Alberts, 2020)
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Chapter 1: Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF CELLS
1.1.a Compare, with examples, some ways in which cells may vary in appearance and function.
1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a basic fundamental chemistry.
1.1.c Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein—as laid out in the central
dogma—makes the self-replication of living cells possible
1.1.d Summarize how the processes of mutation and selection promote the gradual evolution of
individuals best suited for survival in a wide range of habitats.
1.1.e Explain how differentiated cell types can vary widely in form and function despite having
the same genome sequence.
CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
1.2.a List the three tenets of cell theory and explain their ramifications for the study of cell
biology.
1.2.b Contrast light microscopy, super-resolution fluorescence light microscopy, and electron
microscopy in terms of the cell components that can generally be distinguished using each.
1.2.c Compare how samples are prepared for light versus electron microscopy and explain how
these preparations affect whether the technique can be used for viewing living cells or
tissues.
THE PROKARYOTIC CELL
1.3.a Describe the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
1.3.b Analyze how eukaryotic cells and organisms rely on the function of prokaryotic cells and
their descendants.
1.3.c Compare prokaryotes andWWW.TBSM.WS
eukaryotes in terms of their relative preponderance on Earth, their
range of habitat, and their tendency toward multicellularity.
1.3.d Justify the division of prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea.
THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
1.4.a State the function of the nucleus and describe its structural features.
1.4.b Explain how the structure of the mitochondrion supports its function.
1.4.c Outline the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts and cite the evidence for these
origins.
1.4.d Explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria cooperate as plant cells convert light energy into
chemical energy.
1.4.e Compare the function of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
1.4.f Compare the structure, location, and function of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus.
1.4.g Outline the role that transport vesicles play in endocytosis, exocytosis, and the movement of
materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle and another.
1.4.h Relate the location of the cytosol with respect to the cell’s membrane-enclosed organelles.
1.4.i List the three major filaments of the cytoskeleton and contrast the roles they have in animal
cells.
1.4.j Outline the role the cytoskeleton has in plant cells.
1.4.k Describe the ancestral cell that likely engulfed the aerobic bacteria that gave rise to
mitochondria and explain why this event is thought to have preceded the acquisition of
chloroplasts.
MODEL ORGANISMS
1.5.a Review why scientists study model organisms.
1.5.b Compare E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and A. thaliana and list the types of discoveries made by
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Test Bank - Essential Cell Biology, 5th Edition (Alberts, 2020)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
studying each.
1.5.c Compare flies, worms, fish, and mice as model organisms and name a benefit of studying
each.
1.5.d Review the benefits of studying cultured human cells.
1.5.e Assess the relationship between genome size and gene number.
1.5.f Explain the significance of homologous genes and proteins.
1.5.g Summarize the roles played by the nucleotide sequences contained in an organism’s
genome.
1.5.h Outline an experiment that would allow investigators to determine whether proteins from
different eukaryotes are functionally interchangeable.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that
there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms,
it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be
described as the smallest living unit?
a. DNA
b. cell
c. organelle
d. protein
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1
OBJ: 1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a basic fundamental chemistry.
MSC: Understanding
2. The central dogma provides a framework for thinking about how genetic information is copied and
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used to produce structural and catalytic components of the cell. From the choices below, select the
order of biochemical processes that best correlates with the tenets of the central dogma.
a. replication, transcription, translation
b. replication, translation, transcription
c. translation, transcription, replication
d. translation, replication, transcription
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1
OBJ: 1.1.c Explain how the relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein—as laid out in the central
dogma—makes the self-replication of living cells possible MSC: Understanding
3. Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to determine its
chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the
different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 _____________ . By linking them in different
sequences, the cell can make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries,
and therefore different functions.
a. nucleotides
b. sugars
c. amino acids
d. fatty acids
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1
OBJ: 1.1.b Outline, with examples, ways in which cells share a basic fundamental chemistry.
MSC: Remembering
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