NL: Full Summary of all lectures and related reading material. I followed this in block 2 of the 2023/2024 academic year and passed it in one go.
ENG: Full Summary of all of the lectures, together with the reading materials. I had this course in block 2 of college years 2023/2024 and passed in o...
Social media – Risks & Opportunities
Table of Contents
Week 1 – Lecture ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Week 1 - Online prosocial behavior (1/3) – Feel good, do good?........................................................................ 3
Week 1 – Online Prosocial behavior (2/3) – Shyness and Online Behavior ......................................................... 6
Week 1 - Online prosocial behavior (3/3) - Personalized messages, prosocial behavior? ................................... 8
Week 2 – Experiencing online aggression – lecture info ................................................................................... 10
Week 2 - Experiencing online aggression (1/3) – Personality traits and adolescent cyber aggression ............. 10
Week 2 - Experiencing online aggression (2/3) – Theory of Planned behavior ................................................. 12
Week 2 - Experiencing online aggression (3/3) – long-term outcomes of traditional and cyberbullying.......... 15
Week 2 - Online friendships and social connectedness (1/2) – online social behavior and connectedness ...... 17
Week 2 - Online friendships and social connectedness (2/2) – social and parasocial relationships on social
networks and their differential relationships with users well-being ................................................................. 20
Week 3 – Identity and self-presentation (1/2) – LGBTQ+ identity throughout social media............................. 22
Week 3 – Identity and self-presentation (2/2) – effect of body-positive Insta posts on body image ................ 25
Week 3 – Witnessing online aggression (1/2) – helping/joining/doing nothing ............................................... 28
Week 3 – Witnessing online aggression (2/2) – exposure cyberbullying as bystander ..................................... 31
Week 4 – Celebrity bashing (1/2) – Peer, parental and celebrity norms predict celebrity bashing................... 33
Week 4 – Celebrity bashing (2/2) – The experiences and coping strategies of reality TV stars confronted with
celebrity bashing ............................................................................................................................................... 36
Week 5 – Online hate speech (1/3) – Angry by design: Toxic communication and technical architectures ..... 38
Week 5 - Guest lecture – Online hate Speech & content moderation ............................................................... 38
Week 5 – Online hate speech (2/3) – features for hate?................................................................................... 42
Week 5 – Online hate speech (3/3) – algorithmic content moderation ............................................................ 43
Week 5 – Online activism – lecture info ............................................................................................................ 44
Week 5 – Online activism (1/2) – evaluating hashtag activism: #blacklivesmatter .......................................... 45
Week 5 - Lecture information............................................................................................................................ 45
Week 5 – Online activism (2/2) – hashtag activism: #metoo ............................................................................ 47
Week 5 - Lecture information............................................................................................................................ 47
Week 5 - Summary and conclusions of online activism ..................................................................................... 48
Week 6 - Lecture information............................................................................................................................ 49
Week 6 – Privacy and social media (1/2) – “What Can I Really Do?” Explaining the Privacy Paradox with
Online Apathy.................................................................................................................................................... 49
Week 6 – Privacy and social media (2/2) – the limits of ‘sharenting’ ............................................................... 52
Week 6 – Avoiding risk behavior among adolescents (1/2): Parental mediation – of adolescent internet use 54
Week 6 – Avoiding risk behavior among adolescents (2/2): Parental mediation – Parent-Child Communication
about Internet Use and Acceptance of Parental Authority ............................................................................... 57
Exam Questions Examples................................................................................................................................. 59
, Week 1 – Lecture
Key questions
- What is online prosocial behavior, and what are a few examples?
o Messages of support, helping, charity...
- What motivates people to act prosocially online (and not)?
o Situational as well as personality (e.g., shyness) factors
o Empathy and self-efficacy (though less when shy)
o When targeted with advertisements, personalization and empathy may not always work!
Why do (and don't) we help?
• Evolutionary factors - same genetic materials
• Reciprocal altruism (I help someone if they help me, mutual benefit)
• Situational factors
• Individual differences
Why do(n't) we help? (situational or contextual factors)
• Self-concern or distraction (people may not help if they are focused on their own needs or are
distracted)
• Diffusion of responsibility (in a group, each individual may feel less responsible to help, thinking
someone else will)
• Lack of competence (people may not help if they lack the knowledge or skills to assist effectively)
• Audience inhibition (fear of being judged by others can discourage helping)
• Pluralistic ignorance (People may assume others do not view a situation as an emergency, even when
it is)
• Ambiguity (unclear or uncertain situations can lead to hesitation in helping)
Do media cause antisocial behavior?
• Strong concerns in society
• Media may also be positively related to prosocial behavior
• Even promoting prosocial behavior
• Can media promote prosocial behavior?
o SpongeBob comforting Patrick
• Despite the previously mentioned concerns: Research on teenagers suggests that prosocial behavior
is more common than online antisocial behavior! (article 1)
2
, Week 1 - Online prosocial behavior (1/3) – Feel good, do good?
Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I.,Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2019). Feel good, do good online?
Spillover and crossover effects of happiness on adolescents’ online prosocial behavior. Journal of Happiness
Studies, 20(4), 1241-1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-0180003-2
Abstract
Most teenagers tend to do nice things online rather than being mean, even though we often hear more about
cyberbullying. The research is interested in finding out if being happy affects how teenagers act online and if
their parents' happiness also influences their online behavior. They used a daily diary method to study this
and found that when teenagers and their parents are happy, it creates a kind of "ripple effect." This means that
their good feelings from school or work carry over to their home life, and teenagers tend to do more kind
things online. This effect is stronger for girls and their mothers, which raises some questions for future
research about why this happens.
Previous research
- Previous research has focused on both the negative (antisocial) and positive (prosocial) aspects of
teenagers' online behavior, with prosocial behavior being more common.
- Research in the past has shown a connection between offline prosocial behavior and happiness in
people of all ages, with happiness and prosocial behavior reinforcing each other.
- Previous studies have explored the factors that influence online prosocial behavior, revealing that
females tend to engage in more online prosocial behavior than males. It is also linked to offline
prosocial behavior, perceived popularity, and frequency of digital technology use.
This study
- The study aims to investigate whether happiness is also associated with online prosocial behavior in
adolescents.
- While previous research mainly used between-subject (different individuals) analyses to study these
relationships at the population level, this study takes an intraindividual approach = changes within the
same individual over time
- What about prosocial behavior online?
- Can mood predict online prosocial behavior?
- Can this (positive) mood come from another
o Person (crossover)
o Place (spillover)
Information lecture
Online Prosocial Behavior (OPB) = Voluntary behavior carried out in an electronic (online) context with the
intention of benefiting particular others or promoting harmonious relations with others – Erreygers
o Say nice/friendly things to someone
o Say nice/friendly things about someone
o Help someone or offer to help
o Cheer someone up / support someone
o Let someone know that you like him/her or like something (thumbs up/smiley)
o Compliment or congratulate someone
What about social media
- Interpersonal (person to person)
- Text, image, video (lacking face to face)
o Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
- Positive: opportunities for kindness, support
- Negative: disinhibition (meaner if they are anonymous or do not get a response, no restraints) (and next
week: online aggression)
- Broadcast (one to many)
- Forming new networks
o We can find others like us and possibly support there
o Social capital - friends
3
, When do people contribute prosocial behavior online?
Adolescents and social media
- 10-19 years old
- Gen Z
- Take up new media and experience the positive and negative things
Adolescents and prosocial behavior
- Existing research
o More online prosocial behavior among girls (compared to boys)
o More offline prosocial behavior -> more online
o Frequency of online digital technologies
o Altruism (compassion for others)
- These are all differences between people... (between person design)
- New with this research: when does a particular person contribute or not? (within-person design)
Positive emotions: Broaden and Build theory
- Experiencing positive emotions broadens perspectives and builds enduring relations
o Experiencing positive emotions expands people's mindset (broaden)
o Stimulating them to think of others and do good (building relationships)
Being in a good mood
- Positive mood effect: when people are happy, they are more helpful
o Sunny days, full stomach
- Happiness increases spending on charity while spending on charity creates happiness
o Mutually reinforcing each other through a feedback loop
- Example: Hangry Judges 😡
o How do judges decide?
o What influenced decisions
§ Legal Reasoning / gender victim / outfit defendant/ weather / hunger
- More favorable decisions when the judges had a snack/lunch after a break
Moods and emotions on the move
- Spillover = transmission of emotional states from one context to another
o Work to home, school to home
- Crossover = Transmission of emotional states from person to person
o Parents to children, teacher to students
- Most research: transmission of bad moods
- Emotional transmission, or crossover of emotions = when one family member's daily experiences and
emotions predict the emotions and behaviors of another family member.
Diary study
- Multiple measures over time period, reported by participants in daily life
- Allows within-person analysis (as well as between-person)
- Reduced recall bias (e.g., survey)
Measures
4
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