NBME CBSE USMLE/ Complete Study
Guide Containing 1,757 Questions (267
pgs.) with Definitive Solution 2024-2025
Type II pneumocytes - Answer: surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine - Answer: Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
1|Page
,Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - Answer: Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with - Answer: Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type
II pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - Answer: Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - Answer: macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - Answer: Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - Answer: Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - Answer: Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - Answer: LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
2|Page
,Lung Compliance is increased by - Answer: emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - Answer: DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - Answer: pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting - Answer: Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - Answer: BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - Answer: basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - Answer: low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs - Answer: *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes - Answer: carboxyhemoglobin
3|Page
, no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes - Answer: lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning - Answer: *Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient - Answer: 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient - Answer: *Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
AT --> AT II
where and how - Answer: ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
C5a induces what - Answer: PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
Korotkoff sound - Answer: BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
4|Page
Guide Containing 1,757 Questions (267
pgs.) with Definitive Solution 2024-2025
Type II pneumocytes - Answer: surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Polio live v killed vaccine - Answer: Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
1|Page
,Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - Answer: Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
Lung maturity determined with - Answer: Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type
II pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes - Answer: Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs - Answer: macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
Elastin stretches and recoils due to - Answer: Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - Answer: Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - Answer: Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by - Answer: LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
2|Page
,Lung Compliance is increased by - Answer: emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC - Answer: DECREASE
ERV & FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - Answer: pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting - Answer: Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
More ventilation is at the - Answer: BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift - Answer: basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - Answer: low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs - Answer: *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes - Answer: carboxyhemoglobin
3|Page
, no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes - Answer: lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning - Answer: *Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient - Answer: 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient - Answer: *Diffusion impairment* (fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edema
AT --> AT II
where and how - Answer: ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
C5a induces what - Answer: PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
Korotkoff sound - Answer: BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
4|Page
