100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
AQA Sociology A level Paper 1: Research Methods with Methods In Context (Topics 1 - 7) $4.51
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. AQA
  4.  
  5. Sociology
  6.  
  7. Unit 2 SCLY2 - Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods

Study guide

AQA Sociology A level Paper 1: Research Methods with Methods In Context (Topics 1 - 7)

4 reviews
 243 views  5 purchases
  • Course
  • Unit 2 SCLY2 - Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods
  • Institution
  • AQA
  • Book
  • AQA A Level Sociology Book One Including AS Level

Achieved an A* in Sociology A level I hope my notes will help you gain an A* too!

Preview 4 out of 23  pages

Document information

  • April 17, 2019
  • 23
  • 2017/2018
  • Study guide

Subjects

  • aqa sociology a level
  • aqa sociology research methods

Connected book

book image

Book Title:

Author(s):

  • Edition:
  • ISBN:
  • Edition:

More summaries for

  • AQA sociology education: social class, ethnicity and gender differences
  • Applying material from Item C and your knowledge, evaluate the view that sociology can and should be a science
  • AQA A level Sociology Families and Households Notes
All for this textbook (120)

Written for

  • A/AS Level
  • AQA
  • Sociology
  • Unit 2 SCLY2 - Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods
All documents for this subject (404)

4  reviews

review-writer-avatar

By: ishwaaq69 • 2 year ago

review-writer-avatar

By: shaniaprickett • 4 year ago

review-writer-avatar

By: max123jae1 • 5 year ago

review-writer-avatar

By: alexdawe2 • 5 year ago

Seller

avatar-seller
onehannahpercent

Reviews received

Content preview

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ CHOOSING​ ​A​ ​RESEARCH​ ​METHOD
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​✽​ ​Sociologists​ ​use​ ​a​ ​range​ ​of​ ​different​ ​methods​ ​to​ ​collect​ ​data​ ​about​ ​society​ ​✽
PRIMARY​ ​SOURCES SECONDARY​ ​SOURCES

✽​ ​Researchers​ ​collect​ ​themselves,​ ​to​ ​test​ ​a​ ​hypothesis. ✽​ ​Info​ ​that’s​ ​been​ ​collected,​ ​created​ ​by​ ​someone​ ​else
~​ ​Social​ ​surveys.​ ​Ask​ ​people​ ​Q’s​ ​in​ ​written ~​ ​Official​ ​Stats.​ ​Produce​ ​by​ ​govs.​ ​E.g​ ​crime,​ ​divorce.
questionnaire/interview. ~​ ​Documents.​ ​Letter,​ ​email,​ ​photographs,​ ​internet.
~​ ​PP​ ​Observation.​ ​Join​ ​the​ ​activities​ ​of​ ​the​ ​group​ ​their +​ ​Quick,​ ​Cheap​ ​-​ ​someone​ ​has​ ​already​ ​done​ ​it.
studying. -​ ​Research​ ​may​ ​not​ ​be​ ​precisely​ ​for​ ​their​ ​research​ ​=
~​ ​Experiments.​ ​Field​ ​experiments,​ ​+​ ​comparative​ ​methods. may​ ​not​ ​provide​ ​the​ ​exact​ ​infor​ ​they’re​ ​looking​ ​for.
+​ ​Can​ ​precisely​ ​get​ ​the​ ​info​ ​they​ ​need​ ​to​ ​test​ ​hypothesis.
-​ ​ ​Costly​ ​+​ ​time​ ​consuming.


QUANTITATIVE​ ​DATA QUALITATIVE​ ​DATA

✽​ ​Numerical,​ ​e.g​ ​official​ ​stats,​ ​opinion ✽​ ​Studies​ ​in​ ​depth,​ ​they​ ​way​ ​people​ ​think/feel.
polls,​ ​Divorce​ ​stats,​ ​questionnaires. E.g​ ​PP​ ​observation,​ ​unstructured​ ​interviews.​ ​Letters,​ ​newspaper​ ​articles.




​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​FACTORS​ ​INFLUENCING​ ​CHOICE​ ​OF​ ​METHODS​ ​(PET)

​ ​(PRACTICAL​ ​ISSUES)
Time​ ​&​ ​Money.
✽​ ​Depends​ ​on​ ​the​ ​methods.​ ​E.g​ ​large-scale​ ​surveys​ ​=​ ​have​ ​to​ ​employ​ ​lots​ ​of​ ​people​ ​=​ ​money,​ ​but​ ​quicker.

Requirements​ ​Of​ ​Funding​ ​Bodies.​​ ​Sociologists​ ​have​ ​to​ ​use​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​method​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​data​ ​the​ ​organisations​ ​want
them​ ​to,​ ​because​ ​they​ ​fund​ ​them.​ ​E.g​ ​Gov​ ​department​ ​funding​ ​research​ ​into​ ​educational​ ​achievement​ ​require
quantitative​ ​data.

Personal​ ​Skills​ ​&​ ​Characteristics.​ ​May​ ​affect​ ​how​ ​they​ ​use​ ​their​ ​methods.​ ​E.g​ ​Building​ ​a​ ​good​ ​rapport​ ​for​ ​interviews.
Not​ ​all​ ​sociologists​ ​have​ ​these​ ​qualities​ ​=​ ​may​ ​have​ ​difficulty​ ​using​ ​these​ ​methods.

Subject​ ​Matter.​ ​May​ ​be​ ​difficult​ ​to​ ​study​ ​a​ ​particular​ ​group​ ​by​ ​certain​ ​methods.​ ​E.g​ ​using​ ​questionnaire​ ​to​ ​study​ ​those
who​ ​can’t​ ​read/write​ ​is​ ​useless.

Research​ ​Opportunity.​ ​The​ ​opportunity​ ​to​ ​conduct​ ​research​ ​may​ ​occur​ ​unexpectedly​ ​TMT​ ​it​ ​may​ ​not​ ​be​ ​possible​ ​to
use​ ​structured​ ​methods.​ ​E.g​ ​questionnaires,​ ​because​ ​it​ ​takes​ ​longer​ ​to​ ​prepare.​ ​E.g​ ​Glasgow​ ​gang​ ​leader​ ​offered
James​ ​Patrick​ ​the​ ​chance​ ​to​ ​spend​ ​time​ ​with​ ​his​ ​gang.​ ​TMT​ ​Patrick​ ​had​ ​little​ ​time​ ​to​ ​prepare​ ​+​ ​had​ ​to​ ​use​ ​pp
observation.


(ETHICAL​ ​ISSUES)​ ​-​ ​Moral​ ​issues​ ​of​ ​right/wrong.​ ​The​ ​BSA​ ​sets​ ​out​ ​ethical​ ​guidelines​ ​for​ ​conducting​ ​research.
Informed​ ​Consent​ ​-​ ​PPs​ ​should​ ​have​ ​the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​refuse​ ​to​ ​participate.​ ​Research​ ​should​ ​tell​ ​them​ ​about​ ​the​ ​research.

Confidentiality​ ​+​ ​Privacy​ ​-​ ​The​ ​identity​ ​of​ ​PPs​ ​should​ ​be​ ​kept​ ​a​ ​secret,​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​possible​ ​-ve​ ​effects​ ​on​ ​them.
Personal​ ​information​ ​of​ ​pps​ ​should​ ​be​ ​kept​ ​confidential.

Harm​ ​To​ ​Research​ ​PP​ ​-​ ​Need​ ​to​ ​be​ ​aware​ ​the​ ​possible​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​their​ ​work​ ​on​ ​pps.​ ​E.g​ ​social​ ​exclusion.

Vulnerable​ ​Groups​ ​-​ ​Special​ ​care​ ​should​ ​be​ ​taken.​ ​These​ ​groups​ ​include​ ​disability,​ ​mental​ ​health.​ ​They​ ​should​ ​obtain
consent​ ​+​ ​provide​ ​information​ ​in​ ​the​ ​language​ ​the​ ​pps​ ​can​ ​understand.

Covert​ ​Research​ ​-​ ​Researchers’​ ​identity​ ​are​ ​hidden​ ​from​ ​pps​ ​being​ ​studied​ ​=​ ​ethical​ ​issues​ ​e.g​ ​deceiving.​ ​It’s
impossible​ ​to​ ​gain​ ​consent​ ​with​ ​these​ ​research,​ ​but​ ​researchers​ ​say​ ​it​ ​allows​ ​them​ ​to​ ​have​ ​access​ ​to​ ​certain​ ​groups.
E.g​ ​dangerous​ ​powerful​ ​groups.

,(THEORETICAL​ ​ISSUES)​ ​Whether​ ​we​ ​can​ ​obtain​ ​an​ ​accurate​ ​picture​ ​of​ ​society.​ ​This​ ​will​ ​effect​ ​the​ ​methods​ ​we
choose​ ​to​ ​use.

Validity​ ​-​ ​A​ ​method​ ​that​ ​produces​ ​a​ ​true​ ​picture​ ​of​ ​what​ ​something​ ​a​ ​like.​ ​Closer​ ​to​ ​the​ ​truth.​ ​Methods
include​ ​qualitative​ ​data,​ ​e.g​ ​PP​ ​observation​ ​-​ ​greater​ ​insight.

Reliability​ ​-​ ​Replicability.​ ​Able​ ​to​ ​repeat​ ​the​ ​research,​ ​to​ ​get​ ​same​ ​results.

Representativeness​ ​-​ ​Whether​ ​the​ ​pp​ ​we​ ​study​ ​reflect​ ​the​ ​population​ ​we’re​ ​interested​ ​in.​ ​It’s​ ​time
consuming​ ​to​ ​study​ ​every​ ​child,​ ​for​ ​example.​ ​Large​ ​samples​ ​that​ ​have​ ​good​ ​sampling​ ​techniques​ ​produce
representative​ ​data.

Methodological​ ​perspective​ ​-​ ​Choice​ ​of​ ​method​ ​is​ ​influenced​ ​by​ ​sociologist's​ ​perspective.



POSITIVISTS INTERPRETIVISTS

✽Society​ ​has​ ​an​ ​objective,​ ​factual​ ​reality. ✽​ ​We​ ​construct​ ​reality​ ​through​ ​the​ ​meanings​ ​we
✽​ ​Society​ ​has​ ​an​ ​influence​ ​over​ ​its​ ​members, create.
shaping​ ​their​ ​behaviour​ ​patterns. ✽​ ​Our​ ​actions​ ​are​ ​based​ ​on​ ​meanings,​ ​they’re​ ​not
✽​ ​Use​ ​quantitative​ ​data​ ​to​ ​measure​ ​these​ ​patterns. the​ ​product​ ​of​ ​external​ ​forces.
✽​ ​By​ ​using​ ​these​ ​methods,​ ​they​ ​can​ ​discover​ ​the ✽Qualitative​ ​data​ ​to​ ​uncover​ ​the​ ​meanings.
objective​ ​scientific​ ​laws​ ​of​ ​cause​ ​+​ ​effects. ✽​ ​By​ ​using​ ​these​ ​methods​ ​-​ ​can​ ​gain​ ​a​ ​subjective
✽​ ​Include​ ​experiments,​ ​official​ ​stats,​ ​structured understanding​ ​of​ ​actors’​ ​meanings.
interviews. ✽​ ​Include​ ​pp​ ​observation,​ ​unstructured​ ​interviews
=​ ​Reliable​ ​+​ ​Representative. =​ ​Valid​ ​data.



​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​FACTORS​ ​INFLUENCING​ ​CHOICE​ ​OF​ ​TOPICS
✽​ ​Several​ ​factors​ ​influence​ ​their​ ​choice​ ​when​ ​deciding​ ​what​ ​topic​ ​they​ ​wish​ ​to​ ​study.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​#​ ​The​ ​Sociologist’s​ ​Perspective:​ ​Theoretical​ ​perspective​ ​is​ ​a​ ​major​ ​influence.​ ​A​ ​feminist​ ​research​ ​is​ ​more
likely​ ​to​ ​choose​ ​to​ ​study​ ​domestic​ ​violence,​ ​because​ ​gender​ ​inequality​ ​is​ ​their​ ​main​ ​concern.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​#​ ​Society’s​ ​Values:​ ​Society's​ ​values​ ​change​ ​+​ ​so​ ​will​ ​the​ ​focus​ ​of​ ​the​ ​research.​ ​E.g​ ​rise​ ​of​ ​today’s
environmentalist​ ​concerns​ ​have​ ​created​ ​an​ ​interest​ ​in​ ​green​ ​crimes.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​#​ ​Practical​ ​Factors:​ ​Inaccessibility​ ​of​ ​certain​ ​situations​ ​may​ ​restrict​ ​the​ ​topic​ ​they​ ​plan​ ​to​ ​study.​ ​E.g
Studying​ ​global​ ​corporations​ ​+​ ​their​ ​decisions.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​#​ ​Funding​ ​Bodies:​ ​Most​ ​research​ ​need​ ​funding​ ​from​ ​an​ ​external​ ​place.​ ​E.g​ ​government​ ​agencies​ ​+
businesses.​ ​As​ ​the​ ​funding​ ​body​ ​is​ ​paying​ ​for​ ​the​ ​research,​ ​it’ll​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​topic​ ​to​ ​be​ ​investigated.



TRIANGULATION.
✽A​ ​combination​ ​of​ ​methods.
✽Use​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​sources​ ​to​ ​have​ ​a​ ​more
rounded​ ​picture​ ​by​ ​studying​ ​the​ ​same​ ​thing
from​ ​more​ ​than​ ​1​ ​viewpoint.
✽​ ​So​ ​methods​ ​can​ ​complement​ ​each​ ​other.

,THE​ ​PROCESS​ ​OF​ ​RESEARCH.

1)​ ​MAKING​ ​AN​ ​AIM/HYPOTHESIS.
Hypothesis. Aim.
✽​ ​Most​ ​studies​ ​will​ ​have​ ​a​ ​general​ ​aim/hypothesis ✽​ ​More​ ​general.
--​ ​(an​ ​explanation​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​tested) ✽​ ​Shows​ ​what​ ​we​ ​intend​ ​to​ ​study.
✽​ ​Can​ ​formulate​ ​a​ ​specific​ ​hypothesis​ ​as​ ​a​ ​C+E +​ ​Open​ ​ended​ ​-​ ​not​ ​trying​ ​to​ ​prove​ ​a​ ​particular
statement. hypothesis.
✽​ ​The​ ​the​ ​hypothesis​ ​is​ ​false,​ ​we​ ​must​ ​discard​ ​it. +​ ​Can​ ​gather​ ​any​ ​data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​interesting​ ​about​ ​a
+​ ​gives​ ​direction​ ​to​ ​our​ ​research.​ ​Will​ ​know​ ​if​ ​the situation.
information​ ​gathered​ ​will​ ​confirm​ ​or​ ​disprove​ ​hypothesis. ✽​ ​Favoured​ ​by​ ​interpretivists,​ ​as​ ​they’re​ ​interested​ ​in
✽​ ​Positivists​ ​favour​ ​this​ ​-​ ​can​ ​seek​ ​C+E​ ​relationships. understanding​ ​actor’​ ​meanings.



2)​ ​OPERATIONALISING​ ​CONCEPTS.
✽​ ​The​ ​process​ ​of​ ​turning​ ​a​ ​sociological​ ​theory​ ​into​ ​something​ ​measurable.​ ​E.g​ ​A​ ​sociologist​ ​studying​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​social
class​ ​on​ ​educational​ ​achievement​ ​might​ ​use​ ​parental​ ​occupation​ ​to​ ​measure​ ​the​ ​theory​ ​of​ ​‘social​ ​class’.
✽​ ​Once​ ​they’ve​ ​operationalised​ ​the​ ​concept,​ ​they​ ​start​ ​to​ ​think​ ​of​ ​questions​ ​that​ ​measure​ ​it.​ ​E.g​ ​‘What​ ​is​ ​your​ ​job?’.
✽​ ​Positivists​ ​are​ ​concerned​ ​to​ ​operationalise​ ​concepts,​ ​because​ ​testing​ ​the​ ​hypothesis​ ​is​ ​important.


3)​ ​PILOT​ ​STUDY.
✽​ ​Do​ ​this​ ​before​ ​conducting​ ​the​ ​main​ ​survey.
✽​ ​Do​ ​a​ ​draft​ ​version​ ​of​ ​the​ ​method​ ​on​ ​a​ ​small​ ​sample.
✽​ ​This​ ​is​ ​so​ ​any​ ​issues​ ​will​ ​be​ ​detected​ ​+​ ​can​ ​be​ ​‘ironed​ ​out’.​ ​TMT​ ​the​ ​actual​ ​survey​ ​goes​ ​as​ ​smoothly​ ​as​ ​possible.
✽​ ​It​ ​may​ ​reveal​ ​questions​ ​that​ ​are​ ​baly​ ​worded,​ ​or​ ​the​ ​answers​ ​are​ ​hard​ ​to​ ​analyse.​ ​TMT​ ​carrying​ ​out​ ​a​ ​pilot​ ​study​ ​should
be​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​finalise​ ​the​ ​method.


4)​ ​SAMPLES​ ​&​ ​SAMPLING.
✽​ ​It’s​ ​not​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​include​ ​every​ ​single​ ​person​ ​in​ ​our​ ​study,​ ​so​ ​we​ ​have​ ​to
choose​ ​a​ ​sample​ ​of​ ​people​ ​to​ ​include.
✽​ ​Sample​ ​-​ ​a​ ​smaller​ ​sub-group​ ​taken​ ​from​ ​the​ ​wider​ ​group​ ​we’re​ ​interested​ ​in.
✽​ ​Sampling​ ​-​ ​the​ ​process​ ​of​ ​creating​ ​a​ ​sample.
✽​ ​Sampling​ ​occurs​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​that​ ​the​ ​people​ ​we’ve​ ​chosen​ ​represents​ ​the
people​ ​who​ ​we​ ​couldn’t​ ​include.
✽​ ​If​ ​the​ ​sample​ ​is​ ​representative​ ​=​ ​generalisable.​ ​(What​ ​positivists​ ​favour)

Sampling​ ​Frame.
✽​ ​1st,​ ​need​ ​a​ ​list​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​population​ ​they’re​ ​interested​ ​in​ ​studying.
✽​ ​It’s​ ​important​ ​the​ ​list​ ​that​ ​is​ ​used​ ​as​ ​a​ ​sampling​ ​frame​ ​is​ ​accurate​ ​+​ ​up​ ​to​ ​date.
✽​ ​Once​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​sampling​ ​frame,​ ​they​ ​choose​ ​the​ ​sample.

Sampling​ ​Techniques.
Random​ ​Sampling:​ ​Simplest​ ​technique.​ ​Sample​ ​is​ ​selected​ ​by​ ​chance,​ ​e.g​ ​names​ ​being​ ​drawn​ ​out​ ​of​ ​a​ ​hat.​ ​Everyone
has​ ​an​ ​equal​ ​chance​ ​of​ ​being​ ​selected.

Quasi​ ​-​ ​Random/Systematic​ ​Sampling:​ ​Every​ ​nth​ ​person​ ​in​ ​the​ ​sampling​ ​frame​ ​is​ ​selected.​ ​E.g​ ​using​ ​every​ ​36th
name​ ​on​ ​a​ ​list.

Stratified​ ​Random​ ​Sampling:​ ​The​ ​researcher​ ​breaks​ ​down​ ​the​ ​population​ ​in​ ​the​ ​sampling​ ​frame​ ​by​ ​age,​ ​class,
gender.​ ​The​ ​sample​ ​is​ ​then​ ​created​ ​in​ ​the​ ​same​ ​proportions.

Quota​ ​Sampling:​ ​The​ ​population​ ​is​ ​stratified​ ​+​ ​then​ ​the​ ​interviewer​ ​is​ ​given​ ​a​ ​quota​ ​e.g​ ​20​ ​females.​ ​The​ ​research​ ​has
to​ ​try​ ​to​ ​find​ ​the​ ​respondents​ ​who​ ​fit​ ​this​ ​category.​ ​The​ ​interviewers​ ​we’ll​ ​keep​ ​doing​ ​this​ ​till​ ​their​ ​quota​ ​is​ ​filled.

, Non-representative​ ​Sampling.
✽​ ​Not​ ​all​ ​studies​ ​use​ ​representative​ ​sampling​ ​techniques,​ ​because​ ​of​ p
​ ractical​ ​+​ ​theoretical​ ​reasons.

{Practical​ ​Reasons}
-​ ​The​ ​characteristics​ ​of​ ​the​ ​research​ ​population​ ​e.g​ ​age​ ​may​ ​not​ ​be​ ​known​ ​=​ ​impossible​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a​ ​sample
that​ ​exactly​ ​reflect​ ​the​ ​research​ ​population.
-​ ​May​ ​be​ ​impossible​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a​ ​sampling​ ​frame​ ​for​ ​that​ ​particular​ ​research​ ​population.​ ​E.g​ ​Not​ ​all​ ​criminals​ ​are
convicted​ ​ ​=​ ​no​ ​complete​ ​list​ ​to​ ​select​ ​a​ ​sample​ ​from.
-​ ​Respondents​ ​may​ ​refuse​ ​to​ ​participate.​ ​E.g​ ​some​ ​criminals​ ​may​ ​refuse,​ ​as​ ​their​ ​responses​ ​may​ ​be​ ​passed​ ​to
the​ ​police.

If​ ​it’s​ ​not​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​obtain​ ​a​ ​representative​ ​sample..​ ​They​ ​use​ ​snowball​ ​or​ ​opportunity​ ​samples.
-​ ​Snowballs​ ​Sampling:​​ ​Collecting​ ​sample​ ​by​ ​contacting​ ​specific​ ​individuals,​ ​who​ ​are​ ​asked​ ​to​ ​suggest​ ​other​ ​who
might​ ​be​ ​interviewed​ ​+​ ​so​ ​on.​ ​Not​ ​representative,​ ​but​ ​can​ ​contact​ ​a​ ​sample​ ​of​ ​people​ ​who​ ​might​ ​be​ ​difficult​ ​to​ ​find.​ ​E.g
criminals.
-​ ​Opportunity​ ​Sampling:​​ ​Choosing​ ​individuals​ ​who​ ​are​ ​easiest​ ​to​ ​access.​ ​E.g​ ​choosing​ ​people​ ​from​ ​passer-by​ ​in
the​ ​street.

{Theoretical​ ​Reasons}
-​ ​Some​ ​researchers​ ​may​ ​choose​ ​not​ ​to​ ​create​ ​a​ ​representative​ ​sample,​ ​because​ ​of​ ​their​ ​methodological
perspective.
-​ ​Interpretivists​ ​think​ ​it’s​ ​more​ ​important​ ​to​ ​have​ ​valid​ ​data​ ​+​ ​a​ ​deep​ ​understanding​ ​of​ ​social​ ​actors’​ ​meanings,
than​ ​to​ ​find​ ​general​ ​laws​ ​of​ ​behaviour.
-​ ​They’re​ ​less​ ​concerned​ ​to​ ​make​ ​generalisations,​ ​so​ ​may​ ​opt​ ​for​ ​unrepresentative​ ​samples.​ ​E.g​ ​Case​ ​studies.

>>>>>>>>>​ ​Once​ ​we’ve​ ​selected​ ​the​ ​sample,​ ​we​ ​can​ ​begin​ ​to​ ​collect​ ​data​ ​about​ ​the​ ​topic​ ​<<<<<<<<

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller onehannahpercent. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $4.51. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

48756 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling
$4.51  5x  sold
  • (4)
Add to cart
Added