ALU 301 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions

ALU 301 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions Mediators - answerImmune cells release proteins that mediate inflammation and in the destruction of agents foreign to the host (interferons, interleukins, and immunoglobulins) Two main parts of the immune system - answer1) Innate Immune System 2) The Adaptive Immune System White blood cells of the innate immune system - answer1) Monocytes 2) Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) 3) Natural Killer (NK) Cells Two types of T-lymphocytes - answer1) Cytotoxic T-cells 2) Helper T-cells What are the roles of the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes? - answer1) Destroy or remove the infectious microorganism 2) Recognize altered host cells that have become malignant Polyclonal Gammopathy - answerA broad-based spike would be seen on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) testing.More than one clone of lymphocytes has been stimulated to produce different antibodies Monoclonal Gammopathy - answerSPEP results with narrow peak known as a spike. Corresponds to an elevated level of a single antibody Agammaglobulinemia - answerA disorder that can result from a number of abnormal genes Monocytes - answerThey circulate in the blood and are one part of the WBC differential in a CBC. When the leave the blood circulation, they migrate into tissues and mature into macrophages Granulocytes - answerThe most abundant WBC in the blood count differential. They circulate in the blood and concentrate at a site of infection when signaled by macrophages Natural Killer (NK) Cells - answerCan act on its own with receptors that recognize damaged cells. They are important for surveillance of cancerous and pre-cancerous cells. Cells of the adaptive immune system - answerLymphocytes 5 Classes of Immunoglobulins - answerIgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD The first antibody to be produced during an infection - answerIgM Type of immune cell that differentiates in the bone marrow - answerB-lymphocyte Which immune cell produces antibodies? - answerB-lymphocytes Three components of the innate immunity - answer1) Physical Barriers 2) White Blood Cells 3) Natural Killers Granulocytes - answer1) Neutrophils, 2) Eosinophils, 3) Basophils The Complement System - answerA group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. Cytokines - answerEnhance activation of immune cells Two types of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - answer1) Ulcerative Colitis 2) Crohn's Disease Three etiologies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - answer1) Genetic Predisposition 2) Unidentified Environmental Factors 3) Abnormality of the mucosal immune system Where does Ulcerative Colitis manifest? - answerOnly in the colon and only in the mucosa (inner lining) What is the most common presenting symptom of UC? - answerRectal bleeding in the form of bloody diarrhea How is disease severity determined in UC? - answerClinical Symptoms and Endoscopy Where does Crohn's Disease manifest? - answerAll parts of the GI tract can be involved, from mouth to anus What is the most common presenting symptom of Crohn's Disease? - answerAbdominal Pain Serologic markers that can help with diagnosis of IBD - answerPerinuclear Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) -or- anti-Saccharomyees Cerevisiae Antibodies The most common extraintestinal manifestation of IBD - answerArthritis Ocular manifestations of IBD - answerAnterior Uveitis Episcleritis Most life-threatening complication of IBD - answerToxic Megacolon The premalignant lesion in IBD - answerA flat dysplastic tissue that is visually normal in appearance Cure for Ulcerative Colitis - answerTotal Proctocolectomy The mainstay of acute treatment for mild to moderate IBD - answer5-aminosalicylate-based compounds. Sulfasalazine and Mesalamine Treatment for moderate to severe IBD when the 5-aminosalicylate-baseed compounds are inadequate - answerCorticosteroids (Prednisone) The drug prescribed to individuals who cannot taper or discontinue corticosteroids without a flare are prescribed what? - answerImmunomodulating Drugs (Azathioprine, 6- Mercaptopurine, and Methotrexate) Drug of choice for maintenance therapy in Crohn's Disease - answerImmunomodulating Drugs (Azathioprine, 6-Mercaptopurine, and Methotrexate) 1. Genetic 2. Environmental 3. Immunologic - answerPrimary etiologies of Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis - answerPain, Stiffness, and Swelling of the diarthrodial joints Most commonly affected joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis - answer1) Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) and Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joints of the hands 2) Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints of the feet 3) Wrists and Elbows 4) Shoulders