BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100%
Correct Answers
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes
the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages
remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages
narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside
in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells
continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the
types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis
The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins
genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV
volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when
stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function
K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+
blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction
Excess in K+
blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx
,serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly
larynx
passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses
resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces
opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus
carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole
carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes
surround the lungs
surfactant
reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli
actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea
normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing
shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
compliance
amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males
vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in
males
functional residual capacity
,residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law
states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect
when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata
sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons
includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is
a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood
blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma
proteins, water, other solutes
Blood plasma proteins
albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production
hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth
Reticulocyte
from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte
120 days
, Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells
equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is
the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens
lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils
are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection
Macrophages
react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from
mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts
platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet
fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane
Platelet plug
can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough
Hemostasis
sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
Blood clot
gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads
In blood clotting
coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive
feedback cycles
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and
initiates the formation of prothrombinase
Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting
more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within
(intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed.
Correct Answers
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes
the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages
remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages
narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside
in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells
continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the
types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis
The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins
genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV
volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when
stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function
K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+
blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction
Excess in K+
blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx
,serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly
larynx
passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses
resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces
opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus
carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole
carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes
surround the lungs
surfactant
reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli
actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea
normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing
shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
compliance
amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males
vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in
males
functional residual capacity
,residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law
states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect
when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata
sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons
includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is
a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood
blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma
proteins, water, other solutes
Blood plasma proteins
albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production
hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth
Reticulocyte
from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte
120 days
, Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells
equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is
the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens
lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils
are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection
Macrophages
react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from
mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts
platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet
fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane
Platelet plug
can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough
Hemostasis
sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
Blood clot
gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads
In blood clotting
coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive
feedback cycles
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and
initiates the formation of prothrombinase
Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting
more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within
(intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed.
