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Summary Revitalizing Nieghbourhoods literature + lectures
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Summary literature en lectures of the course Revitalizing Neighbourhoods
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ContentGalster, G. C. (2012). The mechanism (s) of neighbourhood effects: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. In
Neighbourhood effects research: New perspectives (pp. 23-56). Springer Netherlands ....................................... 3
Neighbourhoods effects: ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Uncovering and measuring mechanism(s) of neighbourhood effects ................................................................... 4
Syntheses regarding evidence on neighbourhood effects mechanisms ............................................................ 4
Implication for public policy ............................................................................................................................ 5
Galster, G. (2001). On the nature of neighbourhood. Urban studies, 38(12), 2111-2124. ..................................... 7
Lupton, Ruth and Power, Anne (2004) What we know about neighbourhood change: a literature review. ....... 13
Hochstenbach, C., & Van Gent, W. P. (2015). An anatomy of gentrification processes: variegating causes of
neighbourhood change. Environment and Planning A, 47(7), 1480-1501. ........................................................... 15
Sako Musterd & Wim Ostendorf (2008) Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal, Urban
Research & Practice. ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Couch, Chris, Olivier Sykes, and Wolfgang Börstinghaus. "Thirty years of urban regeneration in Britain, Germany
and France: The importance of context and path dependency." ......................................................................... 20
Cozzolino S. (2018). Reconsidering Spontaneity and Flexibility after Jane Jacobs. How do they work under
different kind of planning conditions? .................................................................................................................. 23
Ruth, M., & Franklin, R. S. (2014). Livability for all? Conceptual limits and practical implications. Applied
Geography, 49, 18-23. ........................................................................................................................................... 25
T. Blokland & G van Eijk (2010) Do People Who Like Diversity Practice Diversity in Neighbourhood Life?
Neighbourhood Use and the Social Networks of ‘Diversity Seekers’ in a Mixed Neighbourhood in the
Netherlands, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36:2, 313-332 ................................................................. 27
Broberg, A., Kyttä, M., & Fagerholm, N. (2013). Child-friendly urban structures: Bullerby revisited. Journal of
Environmental Psychology. ................................................................................................................................... 29
Lager, D., Van Hoven, B., & Huigen, P. P. (2016). Rhythms, ageing and neighbourhoods. Environment and
Planning A, 48(8), 1565-1580. ............................................................................................................................... 31
Uitermark, J., Hochstenbach, C., & van Gent, W. (2017). The statistical politics of exceptional territories.
Political Geography, 57, 60-70. ............................................................................................................................. 33
Lecture 1: Intro ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Lecture 3 - What a neighbourhood is and why it matters .................................................................................... 37
Lecture 5: Mechanisms of Neighbourhood change .............................................................................................. 38
Lecture 6: Processes of gentrification ................................................................................................................... 41
Lecture 7: Approaches to neighbourhood renewal .............................................................................................. 43
The (anti) Adaptive Neighborhoods ...................................................................................................................... 47
Lecture 9: Livability ............................................................................................................................................... 50
Lecture 10: Child-Friendly Neighbourhoods ........................................................................................................ 53
Lecture 12: Elderly-friendly neighbourhoods ....................................................................................................... 55
Lecture 11: Legal interventions to fight Crime and anti-social behaviours in residential areas ........................... 56
Synthesis ............................................................................................................................................................... 57
,
,Literature
Galster, G. C. (2012). The mechanism (s) of neighbourhood effects:
Theory, evidence, and policy implications.
Neighbourhoods effects:
• Social-interactive Mechanisms
o Social Contagion: Behaviors, aspirations, and attitudes may be changed by contact with peers
who are neighbours.
o Collective Socialization: Individuals may be encouraged to conform to local social norms
conveyed by neighbourhood role models and other social pressures.
o Social Networks: Individuals may be influenced by the interpersonal communication of
information and resources of various kinds transmitted through neighbours.
o Social cohesion and control: The degree of neighbourhood social disorder and its converse,
collective efficacy may influence a variety of behaviors and psychological reactions of residents.
o Competition: Under the premise that certain local resources are limited and not pure public
goods, this mechanism posits that groups within the neighbourhood will compete for these
resources amongst themselves → zero-sum game
o Relative Deprivation: This mechanism suggests that residents who have achieved some socio-
economic success will be a source of dis-amenities for their less-well off neighbours. → evokes
envy and/or and dissatisfaction.
o Parental Mediation: The neighbourhood may affect (through any of the mechanisms) parents’
physical and mental health, stress, coping skills, sense of efficacy, behaviors, and material
resources. All of these, in turn, may affect the home environment in which children are raised.
• Environmental mechanisms
o Exposure to Violence: If people sense that their property or person is in danger they may suffer
psychological/physical → may impair their functioning or sensed well-being.
o Physical Surroundings: Decayed physical conditions of the built environment may impart
psychological effects on residents (sense of powerlessness). Noise can create stress and inhibit
decision-making through a process of environmental overload.
o Toxic Exposure: People may be exposed to unhealthy levels of pollutants because of the
current and historical land uses and other ecological conditions in the neighbourhood.
• Geographical mechanisms
o Spatial Mismatch: Certain neighbourhoods may have little accessibility (jobs) appropriate to the
skills of their residents → restricting their employment opportunities.
o Public Services: Some neighbourhoods offer inferior public services and facilities because
limited resources, incompetence, corruption, or other operational challenges. → may affect the
personal development and educational opportunities of residents.
• Institutional mechanisms:
o Stigmatization: Neighbourhoods may be stigmatized on the basis of stereotypes. This may
occur regardless of the neighbourhood’s current state. → may reduce the opportunities and
perceptions of residents of stigmatized areas.
, o Local Institutional Resources: Some neighbourhoods may have access to few and/or high-
quality facilities, institutions and/or organisations.
o Local Market Actors: There may be substantial spatial variations in the prevalence of certain
private market actors that may encourage or discourage certain behaviors by neighbourhood
residents, such as liquor stores, fresh food markets, fast food restaurants, and illegal drug
markets.
Uncovering and measuring mechanism(s) of neighbourhood effects
Also some factors to dosage-response metaphor:
Administrative factors Dosage-response factors
• Frequency • Threshold
• Duration • Timing
• Intensity • Durability
• Consistency • Generality
• Trajectory • Universality
• Spatial • Interactions
• Extent • Antidotes
• Passivity • Buffers
• Mediation
Syntheses regarding evidence on neighbourhood effects mechanisms
- Both in the U.S. and Western Europe high concentrations of poverty or socially disadvantaged
households have been consistently empirically linked to weaker cohesion and structures of informal
social controls in their neighbourhoods → produces negative consequences like increased youth
delinquency, criminality, and mental distress, although this mechanism has not yet been linked to
other important outcomes like labour market performance. (link: yes)
- Social contagion / collective socialization forms of causal linkages are transpiring. Though
inconsistent evidence regarding non-linearities of neighbourhood impacts in the West Eu evidence,
there is no certainty about the relative importance of such processes there. (link: inconsistent)
- In the U.S. the presence of affluent neighbours appears to provide positive externalities to their less-
well off neighbours, seemingly working social controls and collective socialization. (link: yes)
- Social networks and peer influences between the affluent and the poor, by contrast, do not appear
as important in this vein. The outcomes for individuals that are most strongly related to affluent
neighbours seem to be different that those most strongly related to disadvantaged neighbours. There
is consistent U.S. empirical evidence to suggest thresholds here as well, though the precise threshold
is unclear and likely varies by outcome being considered. The Western European evidence is much less
definitive and inconsistent. (link: inconsistent)
→ Finally, most evidence indicates that the influence on vulnerable individuals of advantaged
neighbours is smaller in absolute value than the influence of disadvantaged neighbours, whatever the
mechanism(s) at play.
- Fourth, in U.S. neighbourhood contexts there is little evidence suggesting that the competition or
relative deprivation mechanisms are operating in a meaningful way. The same cannot be said of
Western European evidence, however, where the preponderance suggests that mixing of low- and
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