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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024), Chapter 1-33 | All Chapters

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TEST BANK
Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach

Lynda R. Hardy
3rd Edition

,Table of Contents

Chapter 01 An Introduction to Health Informatics 1
Chapter 02 Theoretical Frameworks 4
Chapter 03 Health Systems and Information Flow 8
Chapter 04 Informatics-Related Standards and Standard Setting 11
Chapter 05 Evaluation of Health Information Systems—Purposes, Theories, and Methods 14
Chapter 06 Technical Infrastructure 17
Chapter 07 The Electronic Health Record and Precision Care 20
Chapter 08 Administrative Applications in Healthcare 24
Chapter 09 Community Health Systems 27
Chapter 10 Public Health Informatics 31
Chapter 11 Evidence-Based Informatics 34
Chapter 12 Clinical Decision Support 38
Chapter 13 The Evolving ePatient 42
Chapter 14 Digital Health-Managing Health and Wellness 45
Chapter 15 Personal Health Records 48
Chapter 16 Social Media Tools for Health Informatics 52
Chapter 17 Project Management Principles 56
Chapter 18 Strategic Planning and Information System Selection 60
Chapter 19 Contract Negotiations and Software Licensing 63
Chapter 20 Implementing and Upgrading an Information System 66
Chapter 21 Downtime and Disaster Recovery for Health Information Systems 70
Chapter 22 Improving the User Experience for Health Information Technology 73
Chapter 23 Data Science and Analytics in Healthcare 77
Chapter 24 Safety and Quality Initiatives in Health Informatics 80
Chapter 25 Informatics in the Curriculum 84
Chapter 26 Distance Education—A New Frontier 87
Chapter 27 Legal Issues, Federal Regulations, and Accreditation 91
Chapter 28 Privacy and Security 94
Chapter 29 MACRA and Interoperability 97
Chapter 30 Health Policy and Health Informatics 100
Chapter 31 Health Information Technology Governance 103
Chapter 32 Global Health Informatics 107
Chapter 33 Informatics and the Future of Healthcare 110

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

Chapter 01: An Introduction to Health Informatics
Hardy: Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Dr. James, in studying patient safety in U.S. hospitals, found that the number of preventable
adverse events leading to serious harm fell in the approximate range of ______________ to
_____________ cases per year.
a. 4.4 million; 8.8 million
b. 440,000; 880,000
c. 1 million; 5 million
d. 40,000; 100,000
ANS: B
Dr. James found some 440,000 cases of lethal harm each year and estimated that the incidence
of serious (but not lethal) harm was 10 to 20 times that figure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze

2. Health informatics is both a ________________ as well as a(n) ________________.
a. discipline; field of study
b. profession; practice
c. field of study; art
d. profession; discipline
ANS: D
Health informatics is a discipline, or field of study, in the same sense that "medicine,"
"sociology," and "pharmacy" are fields of study. It is also a profession, practiced by thousands
of informaticians in a number of varied roles within the healthcare industry.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

3. What is the main idea of the subsection titled "Why Informatics Is Needed in Healthcare: An
Example"?
a. An interoperable healthcare system that provides clear, concise patient data and
information among institutions is lacking in many facilities, and its presence would
greatly facilitate things such as patient transfers.
b. The quality of discharge communication during transfers of geriatric patients from
hospital to nursing home is generally high.
c. Skilled nursing facilities aren't trained enough to identify the information they need
to facilitate a high-quality transition of a patient into their facility.
d. Healthcare informaticians alone are responsible for building interoperable systems
that will facilitate communication between and among healthcare facilities.
ANS: A
This subsection takes the specific case of the transfer of geriatric patients from a hospital
setting to a long-term skilled nursing facility (SNF) and uses it to illustrate the great need for
an interoperable healthcare system that allows patient data to be transferred quickly, clearly,
and concisely among facilities.

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze

4. The ______________ is one of the oldest-and still widely used-methods for building and
implementing software applications in IT arena.
a. TUG
b. clinical decision support system
c. HIPAA
d. SLC
ANS: D
Though it's been through a number of iterations and adjustments, the software development
life cycle remains the tested and tried-and-true method for studying, building, implementing,
and maintaining a health information system.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

5. Informatics allows clinicians to see real time data and allows user to ________________ for
public health approaches to care in healthcare.
a. Meaning
b. Manage
c. Materialize
d. Mapping
ANS: B
With continuing progression in the use of technology and healthcare, clinicians can predict
and improvement healthcare outcomes.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand

6. Health informaticians must be able to conceptual organize a variety of ______________ to
better understand data analysis.
a. Components
b. Concepts
c. Ideas
d. Algorithms
ANS: A
Informaticians utilize healthcare knowledge, visualization, and outcome prediction to access
raw information and turn it into meaningful use data.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand

7. Achievable competencies developed by the IOM that should be achieved by clinicians to
deliver patient-centered care include:
a. Collaboration, reduction of errors, patient centered, data collection
b. Independent, evidence-based practice, reduction of hospital readmissions, use of
informatics
c. Collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, use of informatics
d. Collaboration, individual practice, quality improvement, use of Informatics
ANS: C

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

In 2003 the IOM identified core measures that healthcare professionals should achieve in
order to deliver patient-centered care.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. Patient care tools are very popular for patients. Examples of a patient care tool is: (Select all
that apply.)
a. Fitness app
b. Smart watch
c. Continuous glucose monitoring
d. Wireless monitoring device
e. Blood pressure cuff
f. Triage center
ANS: A, B, C, D
Technology now allows patients to take control and monitor their health with the use of smart
phones, smart watches, remote wireless monitoring that provides patient data into a cloud type
device.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply

2. The HITECH Act primary purpose was to encourage healthcare providers to adopt EHR
systems for what reasons: (Select all that apply.)
a. Financial incentives
b. Mortality reduction
c. Data governance
d. Decrease fraudulent billing
ANS: A, B, C
The HITECH Act that was signed into law in 2009 was enacted to promote meaningful use in
technology to help lower mortality rates, increase quality patient care, reduce errors, and
collection of patient health data analytics for Medicare and Medicaid patients.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

Chapter 02: Theoretical Frameworks
Hardy: Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What is the primary difference between an open and closed system?
a. An open system has no boundary, and therefore there are no limits to the inputs
and outputs between an open system and the environment.
b. An open system has a semipermeable boundary and therefore will filter both inputs
and outputs when interacting with the environment.
c. A closed system has a semipermeable boundary and therefore will filter both
inputs and outputs when interacting with the environment.
d. A closed system does not have a boundary and therefore will not interact with the
environment.
ANS: B
With an open system the boundary is semipermeable, thereby controlling what will be
accepted as input and what will be permitted to leave the system.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand

2. The primary characteristics used to analyze an open system include:
a. structure, purpose, and functions.
b. subsystem, target system, and supersystem.
c. boundary, attributes, and environment.
d. hierarchical, web, and hybrid.
ANS: A
Using these three characteristics, one can determine why the system exists, what functions it
performs to achieve its purpose, and how it is structured to achieve its purpose.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

3. You have altered the menu of food items served to your patients. However, the change has
greatly expanded the number of refrigerated items needed on hand. You need to buy a new
refrigerator, but the electric circuit in the kitchen cannot handle the extra load and needs to be
upgraded at significant expense. This set of unintended consequences down the line, produced
by an initial change, is called:
a. dynamic homeostasis.
b. semi-planned change.
c. negentropy.
d. reverberation.
ANS: D
Change within any part of a system will be reflected across the total system through a process
termed reverberation. Reverberation can be intended or unintended consequences of change.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

4. The "butterfly effect" describes a situation in which a minor change in input (eg, a butterfly
flapping its wings in one part of the world) can have a major effect on output (eg, a windstorm
developing in another part of the world). This aspect of chaotic systems illustrates their
property of:
a. the reiterative feedback loop.
b. linearity.
c. preordained periodic behavior.
d. the fractionation of outputs.
ANS: A
Chaotic systems are dynamic systems with reiterative feedback loops. A minor change in
input can create a major change in output. This is often described as the butterfly effect. A
butterfly's flapping wings in California can over time become a hurricane in New York.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze

5. Which statement describes the measurement of information as defined by the Shannon and
Weaver model?
a. The amount of information is measured by the amount of data in the message.
b. The amount of information is measured by the number of meanings that can be
assigned to a message.
c. The amount of information is measured by the extent the message decreases
entropy.
d. The amount of information is measured by the number of characters used to create
the message.
ANS: C
By decreasing entropy one decreases uncertainty. Shannon, a telephone engineer, sought to
overcome the technical problems of moving information across communication channels by
determining how to minimize entropy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

6. On its own, the number 190 is an example of:
a. data.
b. information.
c. knowledge.
d. wisdom.
ANS: A
The number 190 could refer to anything such as a person's weight, blood glucose level, or
systolic blood pressure reading and therefore has no meaning by itself.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply

7. Knowing when and how to use knowledge is referred to as:
a. procedural knowledge.
b. cognitive knowledge.
c. decision support system.
d. wisdom.

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

ANS: D
Wisdom is defined as the appropriate use of knowledge in managing or solving human
problems. It is knowing when and how to use knowledge in managing patient need(s) or
problem(s).

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

8. Which group will test out new technology but are not usually seen as leaders within an
organization?
a. Innovators
b. Early adopters
c. Early majority
d. Late majority
ANS: A
Innovators will test out a new technology; however, they are too far ahead of the social group
to be seen as leaders by other members of the social system. Early adopters are seen as much
more discreet in their selection of new technology and are therefore better at selling a new
technology to a group of potential users.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand

9. When utilizing Kurt Lewing's change theory, and example of refreezing would be:
a. Updated employee handbooks.
b. Survey employees of thoughts of new process.
c. Rounding on employees to view the newly implemented process in action.
d. Display education and posters of upcoming process change.
ANS: A
Planned process change must go threw three steps. These steps include unfreezing, moving,
and refreezing. During the unfreezing step behaviors are observed and predicted for the
upcoming change. This will assist in understanding potential obstacles or mind steps that may
sabotage the change. During the moving step the change is implemented. During this step
monitor the behaviors, feelings and thoughts of staff in order to positively move forward with
the change. Lastly, refreezing involves the change becoming permeant by changing education
material, employee handbooks, contracts, and protocols.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. The Staggers and Nelson systems life cycle (SLC) is a guide for informatics projects. Its
phases include: (Select all that apply.)
a. implementation.
b. planning.
c. evaluation.
d. security.
e. diagnosis.
ANS: A, B, C

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

The seven phases of the Staggers and Nelson SLC are analyze; plan; develop or purchase;
test; implement or go-live; maintain and evolve; and evaluate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

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Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024)

Chapter 03: Health Systems and Information Flow
Hardy: Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Patient medical records on paper provide fragmented or no data related to:
a. Patient identity
b. Patient information
c. Patient decision making
d. Patient communication
ANS: C
Patient medical records on paper were used prior to the electronic health record and are still
used in some facilities. Paper medical records disrupt the ability to provide the patient with
improved healthcare decisions that are relevant to the disease process, laboratory studies, and
imaging results.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand

2. A data warehouse is a type of data storage system that is beneficial to which type of setting?
a. Healthcare setting
b. Business setting
c. Education setting
d. Government setting
ANS: B
A data warehouse stores processed data that is structured with specific information. This type
of data storage works well for a business setting that needs to evaluate inventory or managing
customers.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

3. When a healthcare clinician scans a patient's armband, this is an example of what type of data
entry?
a. Point-of-care
b. Clinical intelligence
c. CDS tool
d. Observational research
ANS: A
Point-of-care data provides automated information into the patient electronic health record.
An example of automated instrument use is patient barcode scanning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember

4. Visualization techniques, such as dashboards, display patient data in the electronic health
record and are a by-product of:
a. Algorithms
b. Benchmarking
c. Data flow

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Exam (elaborations)

Test Bank - Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach, 3rd Edition (Hardy, 2024), Chapter 1-33 | All Chapters

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