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Samenvatting Virologie - Microbiologie - BMW2

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Course
Microbiologie (E06C3A)

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Dit is een samenvatting van het deel Virologie uit het vak Microbiologie (E06C3a) gegeven door professoren Prof. P. Van den Steen en Prof. D. Schols in de richting biomedische Wetenschappen, fase 2.

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Uploaded on May 18, 2024
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Type Summary

samenvatting virologie
microbiologie
slides notas
bmw2
virologie
e06c3a
prof p van den steen en prof d schols

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Biomedische Wetenschappen
Course
Microbiologie (E06C3A)

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Microbiologie – Virologie

Microbiologie – Virologie

Inhoudsopgave

Examenvragen .......................................................................................................................... 7

1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Eigenschappen van virussen .................................................................................... 8
1.2. Virale infectieziekten................................................................................................ 10
1.3. Cytopathogeen effect (CPE) van virussen in celcultuur ......................................... 10
1.4. Virale structuren....................................................................................................... 11
1.4.1. Icosahedrale capsidestructuur ............................................................................. 11
1.4.2. Helicale capsidestructuur ..................................................................................... 11
1.4.3. Complexe capsidestructuur.................................................................................. 11
1.5. Classificatie van virussen ........................................................................................ 13
1.6. Binnendringen in gastheercel .................................................................................. 14
1.7. DNA-genoomstructuren ........................................................................................... 15
1.8. RNA-virussen ........................................................................................................... 15
1.9. DNA-virussen ........................................................................................................... 16
1.10. Viraal celtropisme en Cel oppervlakte receptoren gebruikt door virussen om te
hechten en de cel binnen te dringen .................................................................................... 17
1.11. Virusreplicatie: essentiële stadia ............................................................................. 18
1.12. Pathogenese van virussen: de postulaten van Dr.Robert Koch ............................. 18
1.13. Virus bestrijdingen ................................................................................................... 18
1.14. Virale transmissie .................................................................................................... 21

2. Humane herpesvirussen ............................................................................................. 23
2.1. Overzicht .................................................................................................................. 23
2.2. HSV replicatie cyclus ............................................................................................... 26
2.3. Herpes Simplex virus 1 en 2 ................................................................................... 28
2.3.1. HSV-1, HSV-2 en VZV infectie ............................................................................ 29
2.3.2. HSV-1, HSV-2 en VZV reactivatie ....................................................................... 29
2.3.3. Symptomen .......................................................................................................... 30
2.3.4. Antivirale therapie................................................................................................. 32
2.4. HSV-3: Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) ....................................................................... 33
2.4.1. Reactivatie van VZV geeft gordelroos of zona .................................................... 35

Samenvattin 1

,Microbiologie – Virologie

2.4.2. Dermatomen: ........................................................................................................ 35
2.4.3. Infectie .................................................................................................................. 37
2.4.4. Preventie .............................................................................................................. 37
2.4.5. Behandeling.......................................................................................................... 37
2.5. HSV-4: Epstein-Barr Virus (BV) .............................................................................. 38
2.5.1. Mononucleosis infectiosa ..................................................................................... 38
2.5.2. Nasopharyngeaal carcinoom en Burkitt’s lymfoom ............................................. 39
2.5.3. Oral hairy leucoplakia ........................................................................................... 39
2.5.4. Transmissie .......................................................................................................... 39
2.6. HSV-5: Cytomegalovirus ......................................................................................... 40
2.6.1. Congenitale CMV-infectie .................................................................................... 40
2.6.2. Behandeling CMV-infectie.................................................................................... 41
2.6.3. Transmissie, suppressie en latentie .................................................................... 41
2.7. HHV-6 enn HHV-7 ................................................................................................... 42
2.8. HHV-8: Kaposi’s sarcoma ....................................................................................... 42
2.9. Anti-herpes virus drugs............................................................................................ 42

3. Influenze (griep)............................................................................................................ 43
3.1. Pathologie ................................................................................................................ 44
3.2. Influenza virus.......................................................................................................... 45
3.3. Fusie en uncoating van influenza-A ........................................................................ 46
3.4. Verschillen tussen influenza type 1, B en C virussen ............................................. 46
3.5. Influenza pandemie ................................................................................................. 46
3.6. Inhibitie van influenzavirus replicatie cyclus met antivirale stoffen......................... 48
3.7. Aziatische vogelgriep............................................................................................... 50

4. Retroviridae................................................................................................................... 51
4.1. Begin van de HIV-epidemie..................................................................................... 51
4.2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ..................................................................... 53
4.2.1. HIV-1 partikel ........................................................................................................ 57
4.2.2. HIV-1 genoom ...................................................................................................... 58
4.2.3. HIV replicatiecyclus .............................................................................................. 58
4.2.4. HIV-1 infectie ........................................................................................................ 59
4.2.5. Extra ..................................................................................................................... 62
4.2.6. Klinische symptomen ........................................................................................... 66
4.2.7. Diagnose .............................................................................................................. 67
4.2.8. Anti-retrovirale therapie ........................................................................................ 69
4.2.9. Entry inhibitoren ................................................................................................... 69
4.2.10. Reverse transcriptase inhibitoren ..................................................................... 70
4.2.11. Integrase inhibitoren ......................................................................................... 72
4.2.12. Protease inhibitoren .......................................................................................... 72

Samenvattin 2

,Microbiologie – Virologie

4.2.13. Highly Active Anti-retrovirale therapie (HAART) .............................................. 73
4.2.14. Antivirale pil ....................................................................................................... 74

5. Reoviridae ..................................................................................................................... 76
5.1. Rotavirus .................................................................................................................. 76
5.2. Pathogenese ............................................................................................................ 77
5.3. Epidemiologie .......................................................................................................... 77
5.4. Diagnose .................................................................................................................. 78
5.5. Klinische symptomen............................................................................................... 78
5.6. Behandeling ............................................................................................................. 78
5.7. Preventie .................................................................................................................. 78

6. Hepatitis virussen ........................................................................................................ 79
6.1. Virale hepatitis ......................................................................................................... 79
6.2. HAV: Picorna viridae ............................................................................................... 79
6.2.1. Werking................................................................................................................. 80
6.2.2. Transmissie .......................................................................................................... 80
6.2.3. Verloop Infectie .................................................................................................... 81
6.2.4. Hepatitis A vaccin & immunoglobulines ............................................................... 81
6.3. HBV: hepadnaviridae............................................................................................... 82
6.3.1. Het HBV genoom ................................................................................................. 83
6.3.2. Overdracbt en inactivatie van HBV ...................................................................... 83
6.3.3. Prevalentie............................................................................................................ 84
6.3.4. Spectrum van aandoeningen ............................................................................... 85
6.3.5. HBV vaccinatie & immunoglobulinen ................................................................... 85
6.3.6. Anti HBV-infectie met spontaan herstel ............................................................... 87
6.3.7. Progressie naar chronische HBV-infectie ............................................................ 87
6.3.8. HBV antivirale therapie ........................................................................................ 88
6.3.8.1. Lamivudine ........................................................................................................ 88
6.3.9. Anti-retrovirale (HIV) therapie .............................................................................. 88
6.3.9.1. Adefovir ............................................................................................................. 89
6.4. HCV: flaviviridae ...................................................................................................... 89
6.4.1. “The viral bomb” ................................................................................................... 90
6.4.2. Distributie van HCV-genotypen............................................................................ 90
6.4.3. Het HCV-genoom ................................................................................................. 90
6.4.4. Trasmissie ............................................................................................................ 91
6.4.5. HCV-infecties........................................................................................................ 92
6.4.6. HCV therapie ........................................................................................................ 93
6.5. HDV: Delta agens .................................................................................................... 94
6.6. HEV: calciviridae-achtig........................................................................................... 95
6.6.1. Transmissie .......................................................................................................... 95

Samenvattin 3

,Microbiologie – Virologie

6.7. Hepatitis virussen .................................................................................................... 95
6.8. Klassificatie van de Familie flaviviridae ................................................................... 96

7. Flavivirussen (niet HCV) .............................................................................................. 97
7.1. Gele koorts (yellow fever virus) ............................................................................... 98
7.2. Dengue Virus (DENV) (= knokkelkoorts) ................................................................ 98
7.2.1. Pathologie............................................................................................................. 99
7.3. West Nijl virus ........................................................................................................ 100
7.3.1. Verspreiding van WNV in de VS ........................................................................ 100
7.4. Japanse Encefalitis ................................................................................................ 101
7.5. Tick Borne encefalitis ............................................................................................ 101
7.6. Transmissie flavivirussen (niet HCV) .................................................................... 101

8. Togaviridae ................................................................................................................. 102
8.1. Infectie – Druppelinfectie ....................................................................................... 102
8.2. Vaccinatie .............................................................................................................. 104
8.3. Alfa virussen .......................................................................................................... 104

9. Coronaviridae ............................................................................................................. 105
9.1. De SARS-epidemie uitbraak in 2003 .................................................................... 105
9.2. SARS-COV ............................................................................................................ 106
9.3. Wat is het Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)? ........ 106
9.4. Transmissie en levenscyclus van SARS-CoV-2 ................................................... 107
9.5. Goedgekeurde medicijnen voor de behandeling van COVID-19 ......................... 108

10. Adenoviridae ............................................................................................................... 109
10.1. Infectie ................................................................................................................... 109
10.2. Preventie en therapie ............................................................................................ 110

11. Poxiviridae .................................................................................................................. 111
11.1. Vaccinatie met koepokken door E. Jenner ........................................................... 111
11.2. “Phylogenetic tree” van orthopoxvirus................................................................... 112

12. Andere diarree virussen ............................................................................................ 113

13. Picornaviridae (andere dan HAV) ............................................................................. 114
13.1. Pathogenese van de picornavirussen ................................................................... 114
13.2. Polio (= kinderverlamming).................................................................................... 115
13.2.1. Vaccinatie ........................................................................................................ 115

Samenvattin 4

,Microbiologie – Virologie

13.3. Rhinovirussen ........................................................................................................ 117
13.3.1. Immuniteit........................................................................................................ 118
13.3.2. Epidemiologie.................................................................................................. 118
13.3.3. Preventie ......................................................................................................... 118
13.4. Enterovirussen ....................................................................................................... 118
13.4.1. Klinische symptomen ...................................................................................... 119
13.4.2. Aandoeningen ................................................................................................. 119
13.5. Picornavirussen .................................................................................................... 120

14. Paramyxoviridae......................................................................................................... 121
14.1. Mazelen (Rubeola virus)........................................................................................ 121
14.1.1. Symptomen ..................................................................................................... 122
14.1.2. Complicaties.................................................................................................... 122
14.1.3. Natuurlijke infectie ........................................................................................... 122
14.1.4. Vaccin.............................................................................................................. 123
14.2. BOF ........................................................................................................................ 124
14.2.1. Transmissie en infectie ................................................................................... 125
14.2.2. Vaccin.............................................................................................................. 125
14.3. RSV : respiratoir syncytiaal virus........................................................................... 125
14.3.1. Preventie en therapie ...................................................................................... 126
14.3.2. Transmissie ..................................................................................................... 126
14.4. Parainfluenza ......................................................................................................... 127
14.4.1. Symptomen. .................................................................................................... 127

15. Parvovirus ................................................................................................................... 128
15.1. Infectie ................................................................................................................... 128
15.2. Erythema infectiosum ............................................................................................ 129

16. Papillomaviridae ......................................................................................................... 130
16.1. Transmissie & infectie ........................................................................................... 130
16.2. Humaan papillomavirus (HPV) .............................................................................. 131
16.2.1. Replicatiecyclus .............................................................................................. 131
16.2.2. Fylogenie van papillomavirussen ................................................................... 132
16.2.3. Incidentie van cervix carcinoom ..................................................................... 133
16.2.4. Preventie en behandeling ............................................................................... 133
16.2.5. Natuurlijke evolutie van HPV-infectie en cervix carcinoom ............................ 133
16.2.6. Cervicale intraepitheliale neoplasia (CIN) ...................................................... 134
16.2.7. Vaccinatie tegen HPV ..................................................................................... 134

17. Poluomaviridae........................................................................................................... 135

18. Filoviridae.................................................................................................................... 135

Samenvattin 5

,Microbiologie – Virologie

18.1. Pathogenese Ebola virus....................................................................................... 136

19. Rhabdoviridae ............................................................................................................ 137
19.1. Transmissie............................................................................................................ 137
19.2. Pathogenese .......................................................................................................... 138
19.3. Prevalentie en behandeling ................................................................................... 138

20. Bunyaviridae ............................................................................................................... 139

21. Arenaviridae ................................................................................................................ 139

Samenvattin 6

,Microbiologie – Virologie

Examenvragen

1. Influenzavirus teken + uitleggen

2. HPV uitleggen

3. Hepatitis B

4. alfa herpesvirussen uitleggen

5. HIV tekenen, uitleggen

6. picornavirussen uitleggen: transmissie, symptomen,..

7. Influenza tekenen + uitleggen

8. hiv-werkingsmechanisme tekenen + uitleggen en ook antivirale therapie geven.

9. Picornavirussen: rhino, polio en hepatitis A uitleggen

10. HIV tekenen + uitleggen + HAART

11. leg uit: rotavirus; welke andere diarree virussen ken je?

12. hoe kan je besmet worden met HBV + leg uit symptomen etc. + vergelijk met HAV en HCV

Studeer vooral:

- Teken HIV, viruspartikel, influenza, herpes
- Replicatie cycli: influenza, hepatitis C, HIV, corona, herpes, rabiës virus
- Wat doet je virus? Wat is de classificatie? Heeft virus RNA of DNA? Wat zijn de
symptomen? Wat doet het virus? Sterf je eraan?
- Wat zijn behandelingen? Beste preventie? Mogelijke vaccinaties? Mogelijke antivirale
stoffen?
- Belangrijk dat als je een infectie krijgt dat je probeert te genezen
- Infectie → wat zijn de symptomen?

Samenvattin 7

,Microbiologie – Virologie

1. Inleiding

1.1. Eigenschappen van virussen

- Obligate intracellulaire moleculaire parasieten
- Infectieus
- Niet met lichtmicroscoop waarneembaar
- Genoom is ofwel DNA ofwel RNA (enkel of (partieel) dubbelstrengig, al dan niet
gefragmenteerd)
- De meeste virussen veroorzaken, na inoculatie op celculturen, een typisch
cytopathogeen effect (CPE)
- Niet gevoelig aan antibiotica!

Afmetingen van virussen:

- Algemeen: 1000 nm/1𝛍m
- Pokkenvirus: 300 nm
- Herpesvirus 100 nm
- Picornavirus: 25 nm

Visualisatie:

- Licht microscoop: ±10-3-10-7 m
o Plantencellen (10-4 m)
o Dierlijke cellen (10 -5 m)
o Bacteriën (10-6 m)
- Elektronenmicroscoop: ± 10 -4-10-9 m
o Plantencellen, dierlijke cellen, bacteriën
o Virussen en ribosomen (10 -7-10-8 m)

Samenvattin 8

,Microbiologie – Virologie

o Proteïnen (10-8 m)
- X-Ray: ± 10-7-10-10 m
o Virussen en ribosomen, proteïnen
o Kleine moleculen (10 -9 m)
o Atomen (10-10 m)
- NMR: ± 10-8-10-10 m

Samenvattin 9

, Microbiologie – Virologie

1.2. Virale infectieziekten

1.3. Cytopathogeen effect (CPE) van virussen in celcultuur

Een virus zal cellen op verschillende manieren aantasten, waaronder door:

- CPE (lysis) bv. cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Plaque vorming bv. herpes, HIV
- Synctium vorming bv. respiratoire synctium virus (RSV)
- Synctium vorming bv. HIV

Niet-geïnfecteerde CD4+ T HIV-1-geïnfecteerde CD4+ T
celcultuur celcultuur

Samenvattin 10

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