GCE A-Level Edexcel Psychology notes covering all the psychology practicals that could come up. May differ slightly, however content is still very similar. Covers all practicals from topic 1-5. Detailed, long pages of notes. Used for upcoming A-Level exams held in May 2024.
In our practical studying obedience behaviours/ authority figures in students…
Procedure: design questionnaires, conduct, collect data, present data, and write up
Questionnaires
+ Easily replicable and compared
+ Can assess thoughts, feelings
- People may not answer honestly due to social desirability bias
- Closed questions which limit the depth of data
Closed
+ Easy to analyse
+ Qualitative data
+ More objective than subjective
- Social desirability bias
Open
+ Provides rich detail and ppts are allowed to express what they think
- Difficult to make comparisons with
- Subjective
Ranked scale
+ Produces qualitative data
+ Increases objectivity
- Respondents might respond the same to the questions
- Social desirability bias
Cognitive Psychology
Situational variables: aspects of the environment that might affect participant’s behaviour
Participant variables: refers in which each participant varies from the one another and how this
could affect the result eg; mood, intelligence
Mann whitney u test
- U is always the smallest of the numbers between Ua and Ub
, Find critical value
- results to be significant, score must be equal to or below the critical value
- If value is lower than critical, accept alternative, reject null
- If higher, reject alternative, accept null
Write up values:
Eg: observed value of U is… is equal to or less than the critical value of ___ shown in the table
for na=___ and nb=___ for a 10% level of significance for p< 0.01 for a 2 tailed test
We can therefore accept alternative, reject null and say there is a significant difference (
between girls and boys friendliness scores )
Mann witney u test
- Independent groups design
- Data at least ordinal level
Wilcoxon signed rank test
- Repeated measures, matched pairs design
- Data at least ordinal
Levels of measurement:
- Nominal: data arranged in categories
- Ordinal: data that are ranked
- Interval/ratio= data that are mathematical measurements
Predictive validity= extent to which a test predicts scores on some measure
Experimental designs:
Repeated measures, independent groups design and matched pairs design
Repeated measures
- Participant participates in each condition and then compare results at the end
+ No ppt effect
- Order effects
Independent groups
- Individuals divided into groups
- Groups complete same test and then compare results at the end
+ No order effects
- Ppt effects
Matched pairs design
- Ppt are paired with someone similar, then each pair goes to different groups
- Compare results at the end
+ Reduces ppt effect
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