Cambridge A Levels A2 Biology Chapter 12 Energy and Respiration
6 vues 0 fois vendu
Cours
Cambridge A Levels A2 Biology
Établissement
Chapter 12 Energy and Respiration: 31 pages
Sick of reading textbooks full of nonsense and gibberish? Hard to study with your teacher's notes? Lazy to do your own notes? Can't find any online notes that are extensive enough and always leave out something from the syllabus? Look no further !!
...
Chapter 12 Energy and Respiration
12.1 Energy
12.2 Respiration
12.1 Energy Part 1
The Need for Energy
Metabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway consists of a series of chemical reactions whereby each chemical reaction
is catalysed by a specific enzyme.
The product of each chemical reaction becomes the substrate for the next chemical reaction.
Catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules with the release of energy.
Eg: oxidation of glucose during respiration with the realease of CO2, water and ATP.
Anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules and requires energy.
Eg: the synthesis of protein from amino acids
the synthesis of glycogen from glucose
,ATP
Structure of ATP
ATP is the universal energy currency of cells of all living organisms.
ATP molecule is a phosphorylated nucleotide.
ATP molecule consists of:
▪ A nitrogenous base (adenine)
▪ A pentose sugar (ribose)
▪ Three phosphate group
The phosphate group are inter-linked by phosphoanhydride bonds.
When one phosphate group is removed from ATP,
▪ ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is formed.
▪ 30.5kJmol^–1of energy is released.
Removal of a second phosphate
▪ AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is formed.
▪ 30.5kmol^–1 of energy is released.
Removal of the last phosphate,
▪ Adenosine is formed.
▪ 14.2kJmol^–1 of energy is released.
,The reaction is:
▪ exergonic, energy is released.
▪ catalysed by enzyme ATP synthase.
ATP is an intermediate source of energy in living cells rather than a long-term energy store.
In a typical animal cell, one ATP molecule is used within one minute of its formation (rapid
turnover)
ATP can release energy quickly, which only requires hydrolysis.
ATP is small and water soluble, so ATP can move around in cell easily.
ATP is a link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions.
Features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal energy currency
, Uses of ATP
▪ Muscle contraction for movement.
▪ Cell motility (ability to move).
▪ Active transport of molecules/ions across the membrane.
▪ Synthesis of macromolecules.
▪ Cell division.
▪ Urea synthesis in the liver.
▪ Phosphorylation of sugars in the initial stage of glycolysis.
▪ Maintenance of body temperature.
Ways to Synthesise ATP
▪ Transfer of phosphate in substrate-linked reaction
Using energy provided directly by another chemical reaction.
Takes place in the cytoplasm.
Occurs in glycolysis and in Krebs cycle.
Less ATP is generated.
▪ Chemiosmosis
A process that takes place across the inner membranes of mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Using energy released by the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration
gradient.
More ATP is generated.
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur lam1. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour $2.99. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
