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samenvatting: Media, Macht en Samenleving
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Media, macht en samenlevingSander De Ridder
Inhoudsopgave:
1. INTRODUCTIE............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. MEDIA, MACHT EN SAMENLEVING.......................................................................................................................5
1.2. MEDIA..........................................................................................................................................................5
1
, 1.2.1. Media.....................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2. 2 componenten in de media..................................................................................................................5
1.2.3. Media in evolutie...................................................................................................................................6
1.2.4. Korte evolutie........................................................................................................................................6
1.2.5. Media.....................................................................................................................................................7
1.3. SAMENLEVING.................................................................................................................................................7
1.3.1. Samenleving gaat over geheel van:......................................................................................................7
1.3.2. Kernerlementen van de samenleving:...................................................................................................7
1.3.3. Agency...................................................................................................................................................7
1.3.4. Korte samenvatting samenleving..........................................................................................................7
1.4. MACHT..........................................................................................................................................................8
1.4.1. Relatie tussen media en macht.............................................................................................................8
1.4.2. manier van kijken naar relatie media en samenleving.........................................................................8
1.4.3. Circulair model.......................................................................................................................................8
1.5. CENTRALE ACTOREN IN MMS............................................................................................................................9
1.5.1. Actoren..................................................................................................................................................9
2. PARADIGMA’S VAN MMS........................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. POLITIEKE ECONOMIE VD MEDIA EN COMMUNICATIE.............................................................................................10
2.1.1. Publieke media....................................................................................................................................10
2.1.2. Commerciële media.............................................................................................................................10
2.2. INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................................................................10
2.2.1. Media in het publieke belang..............................................................................................................11
2.2.2. Digitalisering zorgt voor grote uitdagingen`.......................................................................................12
2.2.3. Het Vlaamse medialandschap.............................................................................................................12
2.3. KLASSIEKE MODELLEN VAN MMS.....................................................................................................................12
2.3.1. Liberaal pluralistisch VS radicaal Marxistisch model..........................................................................12
2.3.2. Liberaal pluralistisch model.................................................................................................................12
2.3.3. Marxistisch – radicaal model..............................................................................................................13
2.4. NAAR EEN RADICAAL PLURALISME.....................................................................................................................14
2.4.1. Revisies van de klassieke paradigma’s................................................................................................15
2.4.2. Naar een radicaal pluralisme..............................................................................................................16
2.4.3. Theoretisch model v. invloeden op media-organisaties......................................................................16
2.5. VLAAMS MEDIALANDSCHAP ALS GEVARIEERD EN PLURALISTISCH MEDIALANDSCHAP DIE HET PUBLIEK BELANG DIENT..........17
2.5.1. Het Vlaamse medialandschap.............................................................................................................17
2.5.2. Het belang van de publieke omroep in een pluralistisch medialandschap.........................................17
2.5.3. Emancipatieproject.............................................................................................................................17
2.5.4. Opkomst commerciële spelers.............................................................................................................18
2.5.5. Is het Vlaamse medialandschap voldoende pluralistisch?..................................................................18
3. TECHNOLOGIE: VAN MASSAMEDIA NAAR DIGITALISERING EN PLATFORMISERING....................................18
3.1. ACTUALITEIT.................................................................................................................................................18
3.2. DE IMPACT VAN COMMUNICATIETECHNOLOGIE OP DE SAMENLEVING.......................................................................19
3.2.1. De impact van communicatie technologie..........................................................................................19
3.3. VAN MASSAMEDIA NAAR DIGITALE MEDIA...........................................................................................................20
3.3.1. Voorbeelden van recente ontwikkelingen in het Vlaamse medialandschap......................................20
3.3.2. Van massamedia naar digitale media.................................................................................................21
3.4. DE ONTWIKKELING VAN DIGITALE PLATFORMEN...................................................................................................21
3.4.1. Wat is een platform?...........................................................................................................................21
3.4.2. Platformisering van de klassieke media..............................................................................................22
3.4.3. Platformisering van de traditionele media..........................................................................................23
3.5. HOE BEANTWOORD DE VLAAMSE MEDIASECTOR DE TOENEMENDE PLATFORMISERING?...............................................23
3.5.1. Digitale platformen als hegemonisch model voor de structuur en werking van de media................23
4. MEDIA ALS INDUSTRIE: CONCENTRATIE, CONGLOMERATIE EN COMMERCIALISERING...............................24
4.1. INTRODUCTIE: HET BELANG VAN MEDIA-EIGENAARSCHAP, MEDIAMARKTEN EN CONTROLE OVER DE MEDIA......................24
4.2. BELANGRIJKSTE TRENDS EN PROCESSEN..............................................................................................................30
2
, 4.2.1. Globalisering en groei.........................................................................................................................30
4.2.2. Mediaconcentratie..............................................................................................................................31
4.2.3. Mediaconglomeraties..........................................................................................................................32
4.2.4. Bekenden op sociale media.................................................................................................................33
4.3. PROBLEMEN EN BELEIDSINITIATIEVEN.................................................................................................................33
4.3.1. Problemen met concentratie...............................................................................................................33
4.3.2. Beleidsantwoorden..............................................................................................................................33
4.3.3. Belgische mededingstoezicht..............................................................................................................34
4.3.4. Europese mededingingstoezicht..........................................................................................................34
4.3.5. Europese initiatieven...........................................................................................................................34
4.3.6. Besluit..................................................................................................................................................35
5. HET PUBLIEK............................................................................................................................................ 35
5.1. INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................................................................37
5.1.1. Centrale vragen...................................................................................................................................37
5.2. HOE KOMT HET PUBLIEK TOT STAND?................................................................................................................39
5.2.1. Hoe worden media-organisaties gefinancierd?..................................................................................39
5.2.2. Het meten en verpakken van het publiek............................................................................................39
5.2.3. Productiviteit van het publiek verhogen.............................................................................................42
5.3. VORMEN VAN PUBLIEKSWERK...........................................................................................................................42
5.3.1. Publiekswerk: kijken............................................................................................................................42
5.3.2. Publiekswerk: bekeken worden...........................................................................................................42
5.3.3. Publieksparticipatie.............................................................................................................................43
5.4. BESLUIT.......................................................................................................................................................43
6. CONTROLE OVER MEDIA: POLITIEK, ORDE EN MEDIABELEID.....................................................................44
6.1. HET BELANG VAN MEDIA VOOR POLITIEK............................................................................................................44
6.1.1. De relatie tussen media en politiek.....................................................................................................44
6.1.2. Media, politiek en sociale orde............................................................................................................45
6.1.3. De relatie tussen mediasystemen en politieke systemen....................................................................45
6.2. MEDIABELEID................................................................................................................................................47
6.2.1. Wat is medibeleid?..............................................................................................................................47
6.2.2. De historische ontwikkeling van mediabeleid.....................................................................................49
6.2.3. De hybride status van het internet......................................................................................................52
6.3. MEDIA EN DE TOEKOMST VAN DE POLITIEKE ORDE................................................................................................53
6.3.1. De toekomst van media en de politieke orde......................................................................................53
6.4. BESLUIT.......................................................................................................................................................53
7. VLAAMSE REGULATOR VOOR DE MEDIA (VRM)........................................................................................54
7.1. MEDIADECREET.............................................................................................................................................54
7.2. MEDIA EVOLUTIE...........................................................................................................................................54
7.3. AVMD MEDIADECREET..................................................................................................................................54
7.4. MEDIADECREET ONDERDELEN...........................................................................................................................55
7.4.1. Reclame regels....................................................................................................................................56
7.5. VLAAMSE REGULATOR VOOR DE MEDIA (VRM)..................................................................................................57
7.5.1. Structuur van de VRM.........................................................................................................................57
7.5.2. Hoe gaat de VRM te werk?.................................................................................................................58
7.6. CONTENT CREATOR PROTOCOL (CCP)................................................................................................................58
7.6.1. CCP – minderjarigen............................................................................................................................60
7.7. MEDIACONCENTRATIE IN VLAANDEREN..............................................................................................................60
7.7.1. Mediaconcentratie in Vlaanderen 2023..............................................................................................60
7.7.2. TV.........................................................................................................................................................61
7.7.3. Geschreven pers..................................................................................................................................61
8. MEDIA INHOUD........................................................................................................................................ 61
8.1. INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................................... 62
8.2. WAT IS NU PRECIES WAT ‘DE’ MEDIA MAKEN?....................................................................................................62
3
, 8.2.1. Hoe ziet een ‘goed leven’ eruit?..........................................................................................................63
8.2.2. Wat maken ‘de’ media?......................................................................................................................63
8.3. HEGEMONIE.................................................................................................................................................63
8.4. ZIJN WE EEN ACTIEF PUBLIEK?..........................................................................................................................64
8.4.1. Het actief publiek.................................................................................................................................64
8.4.2. Conclusie..............................................................................................................................................65
8.5. EVOLUTIES IN DE VLAAMSE PERS: NIEUWSMEDIA ALS EFFICIËNTE WATCHDOG?..........................................................65
8.5.1. The media for democracy monitor 2021.............................................................................................65
8.5.2. Conclusie..............................................................................................................................................69
9. DE ANALYSE VAN DIGITLE PLATFORMEN..................................................................................................69
9.1. INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................................................................69
9.1.1. Platformisering van de klassieke media..............................................................................................70
9.1.2. Connectie.............................................................................................................................................71
9.1.3. Connecteren........................................................................................................................................71
9.1.4. De architectuur van digitale platformen.............................................................................................72
9.2. DATA.......................................................................................................................................................... 72
9.3. METADATA...................................................................................................................................................72
9.4. INTERFACES..................................................................................................................................................73
9.5. PROTOCOLLEN...............................................................................................................................................73
9.6. STANDAARDINSTELLINGEN (DEFAULTS)...............................................................................................................73
9.7. EIGENDOMSVERHOUDINGEN EN BUSINESSMODELLEN............................................................................................74
9.8. GEBRUIKSVOORWAARDEN...............................................................................................................................74
9.9. CONCLUSIE...................................................................................................................................................75
10. HET BESTUREN VAN PLATFORMVERENIGINGEN......................................................................................75
10.1. DATA EN ALGORITMES..................................................................................................................................76
10.1.1. 3 niveau’s van argumentatie.............................................................................................................76
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