integumentary (skin) and musculoskeletal summary notes
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Course
Pharmacy
Institution
The University Of Bradford (UoB)
Summarised notes from reading packs and lecture slides on the skin and muscoskeletal system. Each section is organised according to the dofferent diseases and treatment options required for it. Bullet pointed notes for an easy read
● Outermost layer
● Covers whole body
● Protects dermis
● 4 main layers:
1) Stratum basale
2) Stratum spinosum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum corneum
● Avascular
● Keratinocytes= develop from stem cells in basale which produces and stores
keratin
● Keratinocytes produce keratin and profilaggrin
● Profilaggrin breaks down filaggrin
● Filaggrin= further broken down into NMF
● Stratum corneum is water impermeable
● It is strengthened by corneodesmosomes
Extra layer:
● 5th epidermal layer called stratum lucidum.
, ● Located between granulosum and corneum
● It consists of 3 to 5 layers of dead cells
● Present in areas of thick skin such as the palms, soles and fingers
● cells are filled with eleidin
Cells present in the epidermis
● Melanocytes: dendritic cells in stratum basale
● Produce melanin which protects against UV radiation
● Melanocytes contain melanosomes where melanin is synthesised
● Pheomelanin: red to yellow colour
● Eumelanin: dark brown to black
● Langerhan cells: dendritic cells in stratum spinosum
● First line of immunological defense
● Merkel cells: non dendritic, non keratinocytic, found in stratum basale.
● Function as mechanoreceptors
Dermis:
● Contains blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymphatic vessels
● 2 layers:
- Papillary: blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to cells of
epidermis
- Contains meissner's corpuscles which are responsible for sensing
touch, pain and temp
- Reticular: Deeper layer of dermis which is thicker
- Consists of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
● Collagen:
- Fibrous protein
- found in other tissues such as tendons, ligaments, bones and teeth
- provides tensile strength to the dermis
- Collagen production declines with age so that the wrinkling and
sagging observed in aged skin is partly due to both damaged collagen
and a slower rate of production of new collagen
● Elastin:
- Fibrous protein
- providing resilience and suppleness, restoring the skin to its initial
shape after stretching
● GAGs:
- polysaccharides containing sugar and protein
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