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Samenvatting Formeel Strafrecht (FSR) '23-'24
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Samenvatting Formeel Strafrecht: De richting Criminologie aan UGent gedoceerd door Prof. Stéphanie De Coensel: - Ppts en curus - Lesnotities toegevoegd
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Formeel2023 - 2024
strafrecht
Prof. Stéphanie De Coensel
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
ALGEMENE INFORMATIE
Pagina 1 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
Inhoud
Algemene informatie..................................................................................................................................... 1
1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Algemene beginselen..........................................................................................................................................9
1.1.1 Definitie....................................................................................................................................................9
1.1.2 Accusatoir vs inquisitoir.........................................................................................................................10
1.1.3 Verloop strafproces................................................................................................................................11
1.1.4 Actoren...................................................................................................................................................13
1.1.5 Beleidsorganen.......................................................................................................................................19
2 Strafvordering........................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1 ‘Vordering’?.......................................................................................................................................................21
2.2 Personen die uitoefenen...................................................................................................................................21
2.3 Personen die de strafvordering uitoefenen......................................................................................................22
2.4 Wijze waarop strafvordering wordt uitgeoefend.............................................................................................22
2.4.1 Vervolging...............................................................................................................................................22
2.4.2 Niet – vervolging: sepot.........................................................................................................................23
2.4.3 Buitenrechtelijke afhandeling parket.....................................................................................................24
2.4.4 Administratieve afhandeling..................................................................................................................25
2.4.5 Voorafgaande erkenning van schuld......................................................................................................26
2.5 personen tegen wie strafvordering wordt uitgeoefend...................................................................................26
2.6 (Extra)territoriale geldeing van de strafvordering............................................................................................27
2.7 Prejudiciële vragen en geschillen......................................................................................................................28
2.8 Verval van strafvordering..................................................................................................................................28
2.8.1 Verjaring (art 21-25 VT Sv.)....................................................................................................................29
2.8.2 Rechterlijk gewijsde...............................................................................................................................30
3 Burgerlijke vordering................................................................................................................................. 31
3.1 Algemene beginselen........................................................................................................................................31
3.2 Personen die de burgerlijke vordering uitoefenen...........................................................................................31
3.3 gevallen waarin geen BP-stelling mogelijk is....................................................................................................31
3.4 Voorwerp burgerlijke vordering........................................................................................................................32
3.5 Wijze waarop burgerlijke vordering wordt uitgeoefend..................................................................................32
3.6 Gezag strafrechtelijk gewijsde t.a.v. burgerlijk gewijsde..................................................................................33
3.7 Verval burgerlijke vordering..............................................................................................................................33
3.8 Hulp aan slachtoffers van opzettelijke gewelddaden.......................................................................................33
4 Vooronderzoek in strafzaken..................................................................................................................... 34
4.1 Wijze waarop onderzoek gevoerd wordt..........................................................................................................34
4.1.1 Opsporings- en gerechtelijk onderzoek.................................................................................................34
Pagina 2 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
4.1.2 Wijze waarop MD ter kennis komen van de overheid...........................................................................34
4.1.3 Proces-verbaal & strafdossier................................................................................................................35
4.1.4 wijze waarop misdrijven worden opgespoord en vastgesteld..............................................................35
4.1.5 rechten verdachte, inverdenkingsgestelde, BP en derde-beslagene tijdens vooronderzoek...............36
4.2 Personen belast met opsporing & vaststelling.................................................................................................37
4.2.1 Algemene beginselen.............................................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Openbaar ministerie..............................................................................................................................37
4.2.3 Onderzoeksrechter.................................................................................................................................38
4.2.4 Politiediensten........................................................................................................................................38
4.3 Opsporingsonderzoek.......................................................................................................................................38
4.3.1 Begrip.....................................................................................................................................................38
4.3.2 Heterdaadprocedure..............................................................................................................................39
4.3.3 Proactieve rechterche............................................................................................................................39
4.3.4 Bijzondere opsporingsmethoden (BOM)...............................................................................................39
4.3.5 Kaalpluk – oz...........................................................................................................................................40
4.3.6 Afsluiting opsporingsonderzoek.............................................................................................................40
4.4 Gerechtelijk onderzoek.....................................................................................................................................41
4.4.1 Begrip GO & taakomschrijving OR.........................................................................................................41
4.4.2 Saisine OR (!)..........................................................................................................................................41
4.4.3 Verhouding OR – PdK.............................................................................................................................42
4.4.4 Afsluiting GO: regeling der rechtspleging..............................................................................................43
4.4.5 Controle KI..............................................................................................................................................44
5 De onderzoeksverichtingen (Deel 1).......................................................................................................... 46
5.1 Opnemen van klachten en aangiften................................................................................................................46
5.2 Identiteitscontroles en gegevensbestanden.....................................................................................................46
5.3 Plaatsbezoek......................................................................................................................................................46
5.4 Observatie.........................................................................................................................................................46
5.5 Ondervraging van de verdachte........................................................................................................................47
5.6 Inverdenkingstelling van de verdachte.............................................................................................................49
5.7 Getuigenverhoor...............................................................................................................................................49
5.8 Inwinnen van bankgegevens en bevriezen van tegoeden................................................................................52
5.9 Deskundigheidsonderzoek................................................................................................................................52
5.10 DNA – onderzoek.............................................................................................................................................53
5.11 Inobservatiestelling.........................................................................................................................................53
5.12 Fouillering........................................................................................................................................................53
5.13 Onderzoek aan het lichaam............................................................................................................................54
5.14 Huiszoeking.....................................................................................................................................................54
5.15 Andere zoekingen............................................................................................................................................54
Pagina 3 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
5.16 Inkijkoperatie...................................................................................................................................................55
5.17 Inbeslagneming...............................................................................................................................................55
5.18 Databeslag en netwerkzoeking.......................................................................................................................56
5.19 Uitgestelde tussenkomst en gecontroleerde aflevering of doorlevering.......................................................56
5.20 Schending van het briefgeheim.......................................................................................................................56
5.21 Onderzoekshandelingen m.b.t. telecommunicatie.........................................................................................57
5.22 Afluisteren van privé(tele)communicaties......................................................................................................57
5.23 Bijzondere opsporingsmethoden....................................................................................................................58
5.24 Voorlopige maatregelen t.a.v. rechtspersonen..............................................................................................59
5.25 Beknopt voorlichtingsrapport en maatschappelijke enquête........................................................................59
5.26 Europees beschermingsbevel en onderzoeksbevel........................................................................................60
6 Voorlopige hechtenis................................................................................................................................ 61
6.1 Algemene beginselen........................................................................................................................................61
6.1.1 Begrip & bronnen...................................................................................................................................61
6.1.2 Kenmerken.............................................................................................................................................62
6.1.3 VH en andere vrijheidsberovingstitels...................................................................................................62
6.2 Arrestatie...........................................................................................................................................................63
6.2.1 Begrip – art 1 & 2 VH-wet......................................................................................................................63
6.2.2 Termijn van 48 uur.................................................................................................................................63
6.3 Bevel tot medebrenging....................................................................................................................................63
6.3.1 Begrip – art 3&4 VH-wet........................................................................................................................63
6.4 Aanhoudingsbevel (art 16)................................................................................................................................64
6.4.1 Grondvoorwaarden................................................................................................................................64
6.4.2 Vormvoorwaarden.................................................................................................................................64
6.4.3 Verbod van vrij verkeer – art 20§2 VH-Wet...........................................................................................65
6.4.4 Opheffing aanhoudingsbevel – art 25 VH-wet.......................................................................................65
6.4.5 Aanhoudingsbevel tav een in vrijheid gelaten of gestelde verdachte – art 28 VH-wet........................65
6.5 Rechterlijk toezicht op VH.................................................................................................................................66
6.5.1 Art 5 EVRM & rechtsmiddelen...............................................................................................................66
6.5.2 handhaving door RK...............................................................................................................................66
6.5.3 VH & regeling der gerechtspleging........................................................................................................67
6.5.4 Na RdR: Verzoek tot voorlopige invrijheidsstelling................................................................................67
6.5.5 Onmiddelijke aanhouding ter terechtzitting..........................................................................................67
6.5.6 Alternatieven VH....................................................................................................................................68
6.5.7 Onwerkzame hechtenis – wet 13/03/1973 betreffende vergoeding onwerkzame VH.........................68
6.5.8 Nieuw: informeren slachtoffers.............................................................................................................68
6.6 Europees aanhoudingsbevel Definitie...............................................................................................................69
6.6.1 Begrip.....................................................................................................................................................69
Pagina 4 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
6.6.2 Overzicht................................................................................................................................................69
6.6.3 Voorwaarden ivm feit waardoor overlevring wordt gevraagd..............................................................69
6.6.4 voorwaarden ivm rechtsbedeling in verzoekende staat........................................................................70
6.6.5 Andere weigeringsgronden....................................................................................................................70
6.6.6 Procedure...............................................................................................................................................70
6.6.7 Andere toezichtsmaatregelen................................................................................................................71
7 Onderzoek ter terechtzitting...................................................................................................................... 72
7.1 Bevoegdheid in strafzaken................................................................................................................................72
7.1.1 Algemene bedoegdheidsregels..............................................................................................................72
7.1.2 Bevoegdheidsconflicten.........................................................................................................................72
7.2 Saisine vonnis – gerechten................................................................................................................................73
7.2.1 Wijze waarop vonnisgrecht geadieerd wordt........................................................................................73
7.2.2 Omvang van de saisine...........................................................................................................................73
7.2.3 Gevolgen van de saisine.........................................................................................................................73
7.3 Rechtspleging voor vonnisgerechten................................................................................................................74
7.3.1 Politie- en correchtionele rechtbanken (art 153 en 190 sv)..................................................................74
7.3.2 Politie- en correchtionele rechtbanken (art 153 en 190 sv)..................................................................75
7.3.3 Hof van assisen.......................................................................................................................................77
8 Bewijs & rechtsmiddelen........................................................................................................................... 79
8.1 Bewijs 79
8.1.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................79
8.1.2 Bewijsmiddelen......................................................................................................................................80
8.1.3 Bewijswaardering...................................................................................................................................82
8.1.4 Bewijsstandaard.....................................................................................................................................82
8.1.5 Motivering van het bewijs......................................................................................................................83
8.2 Rechtsmiddelen.................................................................................................................................................83
8.2.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................83
8.2.2 Verzet.....................................................................................................................................................84
8.2.3 Hoger beroep.........................................................................................................................................87
8.2.4 Voorziening in cassatie...........................................................................................................................88
8.2.5 Beroep tot intrekking.............................................................................................................................90
8.3 Oefeningen gemaakt in de les...........................................................................................................................90
9 Rechten van verdediging in strafzaken...................................................................................................... 91
9.1 ALgemene bergippen........................................................................................................................................91
9.1.1 Begrip.....................................................................................................................................................91
9.1.2 Toepassingsgebied rechten verdediging in strafzaken..........................................................................91
9.2 Overzicht...........................................................................................................................................................92
Pagina 5 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
9.2.1 Recht op toegang tot de rechter............................................................................................................92
9.2.2 Recht op Eerlijk proces...........................................................................................................................93
9.2.3 Openbaar proces....................................................................................................................................93
9.2.4 Bahandeling zaak binnen redelijke termijn............................................................................................94
9.2.5 Niet gedwongen te worden tegen zichtzelf te getuigen........................................................................95
9.2.6 Vermoeden van onschuld......................................................................................................................96
9.2.7 Verdediging............................................................................................................................................97
9.3 Wettelijke waarborgen bij beperkingen............................................................................................................99
9.3.1 Recht op persoonelijke vrijheid..............................................................................................................99
9.3.2 Recht op eerbiediging private levenssfeer.............................................................................................99
Algemene informatie..................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Algemene beginselen...............................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Definitie.............................................................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Accusatoir vs inquisitoir....................................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Verloop strafproces...........................................................................................................................7
2.1.4 Actoren..............................................................................................................................................9
2.1.5 Beleidsorganen................................................................................................................................15
3 Strafvordering.............................................................................................................................. 16
3.1 ‘Vordering’?............................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Personen die uitoefenen........................................................................................................................16
3.3 Personen die de strafvordering uitoefenen...........................................................................................17
3.4 Wijze waarop strafvordering wordt uitgeoefend..................................................................................17
3.4.1 Vervolging.......................................................................................................................................17
3.4.2 Niet – vervolging: sepot..................................................................................................................18
3.4.3 Buitenrechtelijke afhandeling parket.............................................................................................19
3.4.4 Administratieve afhandeling...........................................................................................................20
3.4.5 Voorafgaande erkenning van schuld..............................................................................................21
3.5 personen tegen wie strafvordering wordt uitgeoefend........................................................................21
3.6 (Extra)territoriale geldeing van de strafvordering.................................................................................22
3.7 Prejudiciële vragen en geschillen...........................................................................................................23
3.8 Verval van strafvordering.......................................................................................................................23
3.8.1 Verjaring (art 21-25 VT Sv.).............................................................................................................24
3.8.2 Rechterlijk gewijsde........................................................................................................................25
4 Burgerlijke vordering................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 Algemene beginselen.............................................................................................................................26
Pagina 6 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
4.2 Personen die de burgerlijke vordering uitoefenen................................................................................26
4.3 gevallen waarin geen BP-stelling mogelijk is.........................................................................................26
4.4 Voorwerp burgerlijke vordering............................................................................................................27
4.5 Wijze waarop burgerlijke vordering wordt uitgeoefend.......................................................................27
4.6 Gezag strafrechtelijk gewijsde t.a.v. burgerlijk gewijsde.......................................................................28
4.7 Verval burgerlijke vordering..................................................................................................................28
4.8 Hulp aan slachtoffers van opzettelijke gewelddaden............................................................................28
5 Vooronderzoek in strafzaken....................................................................................................... 29
5.1 Wijze waarop onderzoek gevoerd wordt..............................................................................................29
5.1.1 Opsporings- en gerechtelijk onderzoek..........................................................................................29
5.1.2 Wijze waarop MD ter kennis komen van de overheid....................................................................29
5.1.3 Proces-verbaal & strafdossier.........................................................................................................30
5.1.4 wijze waarop misdrijven worden opgespoord en vastgesteld.......................................................30
5.1.5 rechten verdachte, inverdenkingsgestelde, BP en derde-beslagene tijdens vooronderzoek........31
5.2 Personen belast met opsporing & vaststelling......................................................................................32
5.2.1 Algemene beginselen......................................................................................................................32
5.2.2 Openbaar ministerie.......................................................................................................................32
5.2.3 Onderzoeksrechter.........................................................................................................................33
5.2.4 Politiediensten................................................................................................................................33
5.3 Opsporingsonderzoek............................................................................................................................33
5.3.1 Begrip..............................................................................................................................................33
5.3.2 Heterdaadprocedure.......................................................................................................................34
5.3.3 Proactieve rechterche.....................................................................................................................34
5.3.4 Afsluiting opsporingsonderzoek......................................................................................................34
5.4 Gerechtelijk onderzoek..........................................................................................................................35
5.4.1 Begrip GO & taakomschrijving OR..................................................................................................35
5.4.2 Saisine OR (!)...................................................................................................................................35
5.4.3 Verhouding OR – PdK......................................................................................................................36
5.4.4 Afsluiting GO: regeling der rechtspleging.......................................................................................37
5.4.5 Controle KI.......................................................................................................................................38
6 De onderzoeksverichtingen (Deel 1)............................................................................................. 40
6.1 Opnemen van klachten en aangiften.....................................................................................................40
6.2 Identiteitscontroles en gegevensbestanden..........................................................................................40
6.3 Plaatsbezoek..........................................................................................................................................40
6.4 Observatie..............................................................................................................................................40
6.5 Ondervraging van de verdachte.............................................................................................................41
6.6 Inverdenkingstelling van de verdachte..................................................................................................43
Pagina 7 van 100
,Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
6.7 Getuigenverhoor....................................................................................................................................43
6.8 Inwinnen van bankgegevens en bevriezen van tegoeden.....................................................................46
6.9 Deskundigheidsonderzoek.....................................................................................................................46
6.10 DNA – onderzoek...................................................................................................................................47
6.11 Inobservatiestelling................................................................................................................................47
6.12 Fouillering...............................................................................................................................................47
6.13 Onderzoek aan het lichaam...................................................................................................................48
6.14 Huiszoeking............................................................................................................................................48
6.15 Andere zoekingen..................................................................................................................................48
6.16 Inkijkoperatie.........................................................................................................................................49
6.17 Inbeslagneming......................................................................................................................................49
6.18 Databeslag en netwerkzoeking..............................................................................................................50
6.19 Uitgestelde tussenkomst en gecontroleerde aflevering of doorlevering..............................................50
6.20 Schending van het briefgeheim.............................................................................................................50
6.21 Onderzoekshandelingen m.b.t. telecommunicatie...............................................................................51
6.22 Afluisteren van privé(tele)communicaties.............................................................................................51
6.23 Bijzondere opsporingsmethoden...........................................................................................................52
6.24 Voorlopige maatregelen t.a.v. rechtspersonen.....................................................................................53
6.25 Beknopt voorlichtingsrapport en maatschappelijke enquête...............................................................53
6.26 Europees beschermingsbevel en onderzoeksbevel...............................................................................53
7 Voorlopige hechtenis................................................................................................................... 54
Pagina 8 van 100
, Voorlopige hechtenis - Algemene beginselen
1 INLEIDING
1.1 ALGEMENE BEGINSELEN
1.1.1 DEFINITIE
Formeel strafrecht
- = strafprocesrecht
- = strafrechtspleging = strafvordering sensu lato
- Het geheel van de procedurele spelregels (die OH moet volgen) volgens welke het materieel strafrecht
wordt toegepast
Materieel strafrecht:
- Geheel der rechtsregels waardoor bepaalde gedragingen strafbaar worden gesteld en gesanctioneerd
- Misdrijven & straffen
Verschillen?
- Materieel gericht naar eenieder;
o Iedereen weet dat al dan niet strafbaar is
o Regels vrij vanzelfsprekend bv stelen = strafbaar
o Op elk misdrijf staat een straf
- Formele regels eerder gericht naar OH;
o Welke regels moeten de politie, strafrechter, ... volgen
o Regels rond bv verjaring iets minder vanzelfsprekend
o Gevolgen van sanctionering zijn kunnen telkens verschillend zijn
Rechtsregels betreffende opsporing (verdachte opsporen en bewijzen verzamelen), vervolging (strafrechter
vorderen om zaak voor te leggen, vele opties voor vervolging) en berechting (straftoemeten, berechting) van
personen verdacht van een misdrijf
- Beschrijft scenario’s & vormvoorschriften
- Bepaalt rechtspositie betrokken personen
- + organisatie & werking rechtcolleges
- + tenuitvoerlegging beslissingen rechtscolleges
Bronnen:
- Grondwet 1830
o Fundamentele rechten
o Bepalingen inzake rechterlijke macht
o Strafrechtelijke verantwoordelijkheid van parlementsleden en ministers
- Wetboek van stafvordering (Sv.)
o Inclusief Voorafgaande titel bij het Wetboek van Strafvordering (VTSv.)
- Verzamelwetgeving
o Potpourri-wijzigingswetten 2015-2018 m.b.t. diverse bepalingen
o 5 MSS-verzamelwetten 2021-2024
- Nieuw wetboek van strafvordering in het vooruitzicht?
o Commissie hervorming strafprocesrecht
Pagina 9 van 100
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