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AQA A level Psychology - Paper 3 topics June 2024 Exam Questions with Answers
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AQA A level Psychology - Paper 3 topics June 2024 Exam Questions with Answers
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AQA A level Psychology - Paper 3 topicsJune 2024 Exam Questions with
Answers
Gender bias - Answer>> Psychologists seek universality
but bias may be inevitable (social historical contexts)
Gender bias: psychological theory/research not accurately
represent experience/behaviour of men + women
Alpha bias: differences exaggerated, devalue women
E.g. Freud = genuine psychological differences due to
physiological differences
Girls suffer from 'penis envy', femininity is failed
masculinity
Beta bias: differences minimised, needs of women ignored
E.g. fight or flight research = male only sample, assumed
would be applicable, Taylor et al: tend and befriend
(governed by oxytocin)
Androcentrism: male behaviour seen as normal,
deviations seen as abnormal/inferior
Female behaviour misunderstood/pathologised
E.g. feminists object to PMS, medicalises female emotions
by explaining in hormonal terms (Male anger often seen
as rational response to external pressures)
,Gender bias (- in psych research) - Answer>> May
create misleading assumptions about female
behaviour/validate discriminatory practices
Scientific justification to deny opportunities (e.g. due to
PMS)
Damaging consequences on lives/prospects
Gender bias (- promotes sexism in research process) -
Answer>> Lack of women at senior research level =
female concerns not reflected in research questions asked
Men more likely to be published
Female ppts in inequitable relationship with researcher
(power to label irrational/unable to complete tasks)
Constitutional sexism - creates bias in theory/research
Gender bias (+ feminist psychologists suggest how to
avoid) - Answer>> Worrell & Remer:
Studied within meaningful real life contexts
Participate instead of objects of study
Study diversity within groups of women rather than
comparisons to men
Collaborative research methods (qualitative data)
Preferable/less biased
Cultural bias - Answer>> Psych claims to unearth
universal truths but may only apply to particular groups
studied
Wrongly assumed western findings would apply all over
the world
,E.g. conformity (Asch) and obedience (Milgram) produced
different results outside of US
Standard/norm for behaviour judged from one culture =
cultural differences seen as abnormal
Ethnocentrism: belief in superiority of own culture
Behaviour that doesn't conform to Western model =
deficient
E.g. Ainsworth's strange situation (American
norms/values, separation anxiety defining, secure = ideal,
German mothers labelled cold/rejecting, inappropriate
measure for non-US children)
Cultural relativism may help reduce bias
Facts/things only make sense from perspective of culture
within which discovered
Berry:
Etic approach: looking at behaviours outside of culture and
identifying universal
Emic approach: looking at behaviour within culture and
identifying culturally specific
Imposed etic: e.g. Ainsworth studies within single culture
and assumed could be applied universally
Cultural bias (- distinction between
individuaism/collectivism) - Answer>> Value of
individual/independence vs value
ofgroup/interdependence
Lazy/simplistic distinction, no longer applies
, Takano & Osaka: 14/15 studies comparing US and Japan
found no evidence of distinction between culture types
Form of cultural bias less of issue than once was
Cultural bias (recognition of both relativism/universals) -
Answer>> Imposed etic shows culturally specific nature
of psychology
Should not assume all psychology is culturally relative/no
such thing as universal behaviour
Ekman: basic facial expressions for emotions same all
over human/animal world
Attachment behaviours universal (imitation/interactional
synchrony)
Full understanding requires study of both
universals/variations among individuals/groups
Cultural bias (cross-cultural research prone to demand
characteristics) - Answer>> Western cultures: familiarity
with aims/objectives of scientific enquiry assumed
Cultures without historical experience of research, local
populations more affected by demand characteristics
Unfamiliarity with research tradition threatens validity of
outcomes
Free will/determinism - Answer>> Free will: we are self-
determining
Free to choose thoughts/actions
Biological/environmental influences on behaviour but can
reject
No cause/unpredictable
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