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Volledige samenvatting Inleiding in de wetenschappelijke methode.

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Dit is de samenvatting van de reader Inleiding in de wetenschappelijke methode, studiecode PB2802, van de Bachelor Psychologie aan de Open Universiteit.

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  • May 21, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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Inleiding in de wetenschappelijke methode

Thema 1: Studietaak 1 t/m 4
Thema 2: Studietaak 5 t/m 7
Thema 3: Studietaak 8 t/m 9

,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding in de wetenschappelijke methode ........................................................................................... 1
Thema 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Studietaak 1: Wetenschappelijke revoluties ...................................................................................... 5
1.1 Het correspondentieprobleem ................................................................................................. 6
1.2 De Griekse oudheid ................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Sprong door de tijd ................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 De vonk van de verlichting. ....................................................................................................... 8
1.5 David Hume: The copy principle (1711 – 1776) ...................................................................... 10
1.6 Immanuel Kant: synthetisch a priori (1724 – 1804)................................................................ 11
1.7 Pragmatisme: truth is what works. ......................................................................................... 12
Studietaak 2: Understanding psychology as a science. .................................................................... 14
1 Karl Popper and demarcation .................................................................................................... 14
2 Falsifieerbaarheid....................................................................................................................... 16
4 Versimilitude ......................................................................................................................... 17
5 Het toepassen van Popper’s ideeën bij het beoordelen van artikelen over psychologie ......... 17
6 Laatste overweging .................................................................................................................... 17
Studietaak 3 Paradigma’s en wetenschappelijke revoluties ............................................................ 18
1 De filosofie van wetenschap: Een hele korte introductie. ......................................................... 18
2 Logisch empiristische filosofie van de wetenschap ................................................................... 18
3 Kuhn’s theorie van wetenschappelijke revoluties ..................................................................... 19
4 Kuhn en de rationaliteit van wetenschap. ................................................................................. 21
5 Kuhn’s nalatenschap .................................................................................................................. 22
Studietaak 4: Het begrijpen van psychologie als wetenschap. Een introductie van
wetenschappelijke en statistische gevolgtrekking. .......................................................................... 23
Vooruitgang en degeneratie ......................................................................................................... 23
Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................... 24
Noviteit.......................................................................................................................................... 24
Welke methodologie van wetenschap kies je en hoe doe je dat? ............................................... 24
Kuhn en Lakatos’ ideeën gebruiken voor evaluatie ...................................................................... 24
Thema 2: Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................................................... 25
Studietaak 5: Hypotheses, theorie en voorspellingen. Inleiding in enkele methodes van de
wetenschap. ...................................................................................................................................... 25
De inductieve methode................................................................................................................. 25

, Samenhang.................................................................................................................................... 25
De hypothetisch-deductieve methode ......................................................................................... 27
De HD-methode volgens Carl Hempel en het mysterie van de kraamvrouwenkoorts. ............... 27
Appendix: Het formuleren van hypotheses in een onderzoekscontext. ...................................... 29
Studietaak 6: Recipies for science: An introduction to scientific methods and reasoning................... 30
Experimenten en studies .................................................................................................................. 30
Hoe experimenten bijdragen aan wetenschap. ............................................................................ 30
Variabelen en het beheersen daarvan.......................................................................................... 30
Verzamelen en analyseren van data. ............................................................................................ 31
Cruciale experimenten en herhaling. ............................................................................................ 31
Het perfecte experiment............................................................................................................... 32
Verwachting definiëren................................................................................................................. 32
Interventie..................................................................................................................................... 32
Variabelen beheersen ................................................................................................................... 32
Vooroordelen beheersen (bias-control) ....................................................................................... 33
Hoe je niet een test moet ontwerpen .......................................................................................... 33
Conceptuele vaagheden ............................................................................................................... 33
Buitenissige/uitzonderlijke claims testen ..................................................................................... 34
Duidelijke voorspelling en criteria ................................................................................................ 34
Vooroordelen/aannames en verwachting .................................................................................... 34
Thema 3: Meta-Wetenschap ................................................................................................................ 35
Studietaak 7 Een introductie voor wetenschappelijke methodes en redeneren. Causaal redeneren
.......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Wat is causaliteit? ......................................................................................................................... 35
Wetenschappelijk redeneren in casussen .................................................................................... 35
Scepticisme over causaliteit .......................................................................................................... 35
Spatiotemporele contiguïteit als richtlijn voor causaliteit ............................................................ 35
Correlatie als richtlijn naar oorzakelijk verband. .......................................................................... 36
Het natuurlijk proces van causaliteit: verschil maken en het fysieke proces. .............................. 36
Noodzakelijk en afdoende verband .............................................................................................. 36
Causaal verband en waarschijnlijkheid ......................................................................................... 36
Causale hypothesen testen ............................................................................................................... 37
Interventie en verschil veroorzaken ............................................................................................. 37
Causaliteit ......................................................................................................................................... 38

, Red sky at night, sailor’s delight ................................................................................................... 38
Oorzaken overwegen .................................................................................................................... 38
Correlatie verkoopt geen kranten................................................................................................. 38
Uitgestelde behoeftebevrediging en algemeen verband ............................................................. 38
Thema 3: Meta-wetenschap ................................................................................................................. 39
Studietaak 8: Zuiver denken in de wetenschap. ............................................................................... 39
Algemene denkfouten .................................................................................................................. 39
1 Relevantie .................................................................................................................................. 40
2 Zwakke inductie ......................................................................................................................... 42
Studietaak 9: Wetenschappelijke evaluatie van onderzoek. ............................................................ 43
Hypothese: .................................................................................................................................... 43
Methode ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Resultaten ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Discussie ........................................................................................................................................ 43

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