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Samenvatting Communicatiewetenschap S0A22a
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CommunciatiewetenschapSchakeljaar 2023 bedrijfscommunicatie
Linn Rademaekers
,Hoofdstuk 1: introductie..........................................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: basisconcepten en modellen...............................................................................................8
Wat is communicatie?..........................................................................................................................8
Processchool......................................................................................................................................... 9
Betekeniscreatie-school........................................................................................................................ 9
Breek- of discussiepunten in de definities van communicatie.............................................................10
Intentionaliteit als breekpunt.............................................................................................................. 10
Passief-actief model (McQuail).................................................................................................................10
Geslaagde communicatie (Fauconnier)............................................................................................... 11
Eenrichtings- of tweerichtingsverkeer................................................................................................. 11
Observatieniveau................................................................................................................................ 11
Elementen in het communicatieproces..............................................................................................12
Zender/bron........................................................................................................................................ 12
Ontvanger/bestemmeling................................................................................................................... 12
Boodschap.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Signaal................................................................................................................................................. 13
Kanaal................................................................................................................................................. 13
Medium.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Communicatiepatronen (Bordewijk en Van Kraam).................................................................................13
Ruis..................................................................................................................................................... 15
Feedback............................................................................................................................................. 15
Communicatiemodellen.....................................................................................................................16
Communicatieformule (Lasswell)........................................................................................................ 16
Mathematische model (Shannon & Weaver)....................................................................................... 17
Verdere uitwerking van mathematische model van S&W (DeFleur)....................................................17
Circulair model (Osgood en Schramm)................................................................................................ 19
De spiraal (Dance)............................................................................................................................... 20
Algemeen model van communicatie (Gerbner)...................................................................................21
ABX-model (Newcomb)....................................................................................................................... 24
Cognitieve dissonantietheorie (Festinger)................................................................................................24
Aanpassing van ABX-model (Westley en Macleans).............................................................................25
Eerste aanpassing: interpersoonlijke communicatie................................................................................25
Tweede aanpassing: massacommunicatie................................................................................................25
Massacommunicatiemodel (Maletzke)................................................................................................ 26
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, Ritueel model van communicatie (James Carey).................................................................................27
Vergelijking transmissiemodel en ritueel model......................................................................................27
Aandachtsmodel (McQuail)................................................................................................................. 28
Hoofdstuk 3: verbale communicatie......................................................................................................29
Kenmerken van de “natuurlijke taal”.................................................................................................29
Taal is symbolisch................................................................................................................................ 29
Taal is een soort kennis....................................................................................................................... 29
Taal is op regels gebaseerd en productief............................................................................................ 29
Taal beïnvloedt de manier waarop we de wereld zien.........................................................................29
Sapir-Whorf-hypothese.............................................................................................................................30
Taalvormen......................................................................................................................................... 30
De subsystemen van taal (Trenholm).................................................................................................30
Subsysteem 1: fonologie (klanken)...................................................................................................... 30
Subsysteem 2: semantiek (woorden)................................................................................................... 31
Subsysteem 3: syntactiek (zinnen)....................................................................................................... 31
Subsysteem 4: pragmatiek (sociale context van taal)..........................................................................32
Traditie 1: functioneel structuralisme: 6 functies van taal (Jakobson).....................................................32
Traditie 2: taalhandelingstheorie (Speech Acts Theory)...........................................................................32
CMM-theorie (coordinated management of meaning theory)................................................................33
Pragmatische stijlen en structuren.....................................................................................................33
Discours 1: de conversatie................................................................................................................... 34
Discours 2: interactie binnen de klas................................................................................................... 34
Privaat versus publiek discours.................................................................................................................34
Interactief discours: coherentie en structuur......................................................................................35
De coördinatie van conversatiebijdragen............................................................................................ 35
Vier regels van het coöperatieve principe................................................................................................35
Smalltalk (fatische functie).................................................................................................................. 36
Proces 1: conversational management / conversational control / interaction management..................36
Proces 2: grooming talk / social cosmetics / cliché conversation / small talk..........................................36
Functies van smalltalk...............................................................................................................................36
Soorten topics binnen smalltalk (Laver)...................................................................................................37
Taal en sociale identiteit....................................................................................................................37
Gender: verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen.................................................................................37
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, Trouble talk...............................................................................................................................................37
Verhalen....................................................................................................................................................38
Report/rapport talk...................................................................................................................................38
Taal en culturele verschillen...............................................................................................................38
Context in boodschap - directheid van boodschap..............................................................................38
De mate van formaliteit die vereist is.................................................................................................. 38
Hoofdstuk 4: non-verbale communicatie...............................................................................................39
Kenmerken van non-verbale communicatie.......................................................................................39
Non-verbale communicatie kan onbedoeld zijn..................................................................................39
Non-verbale communicatie bestaat uit verschillende codes................................................................39
Non-verbale communicatie is onmiddellijk, continu en natuurlijk.......................................................40
Non-verbale communicatie is zowel universeel als cultureel, aangeboren als aangeleerd..................40
Voor welke soort informatie is non-verbale communicatie belangrijk?..............................................41
Eerste indrukken................................................................................................................................. 41
Relationele informatie (Mehrabian).................................................................................................... 41
Emoties uitdrukken............................................................................................................................. 41
Non-verbale versus verbale communicatie.........................................................................................41
Kinesics..............................................................................................................................................42
5 domeinen kinesics (Ekman en Friesen)............................................................................................. 42
Emblemen.................................................................................................................................................42
Illustratoren...............................................................................................................................................42
Regulatoren...............................................................................................................................................42
Affectvertoners.........................................................................................................................................42
Adaptoren.................................................................................................................................................42
Lichaamshouding................................................................................................................................ 43
Handen en armen............................................................................................................................... 43
Gelaatsuitdrukkingen.......................................................................................................................... 43
Ooggedrag........................................................................................................................................... 44
Proxemics: territorialiteit en ruimtegebruik.......................................................................................44
Soorten territoria en inbreuken op territoria....................................................................................... 44
Ruimtegebruik: zit- en kantoorindeling............................................................................................... 45
Persoonlijke ruimte............................................................................................................................. 45
Haptics..............................................................................................................................................46
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, Chronemics........................................................................................................................................46
Fysieke kenmerken............................................................................................................................47
De “taal” van objecten.......................................................................................................................48
Paralinguïstiek...................................................................................................................................48
Hoe ziet non-verbale communicatie eruit in een online context?.......................................................48
Hoofdstuk 7: massacommunicatie: de mediaorganisatie........................................................................49
Hiërarchisch model van de invloeden op de media-inhoud (Shoemaker & Reese)..............................49
Organisatie-externe factoren die inhoud beïnvloeden........................................................................49
Organisatie-interne factoren die inhoud beïnvloeden.........................................................................50
Een organisationele benadering van de nieuwsproductie...................................................................50
De inhoud van het nieuws................................................................................................................... 50
Nieuws wordt gekenmerkt door verschraling (Boone).............................................................................50
Types van interessante verhalen (Gans)...................................................................................................51
Organisatie-interne en -externe factoren die de nieuwsinhoud beïnvloeden......................................51
Invloeden op het individueel niveau van de professionele mediawerkers..............................................51
Invloeden op het niveau van de mediaroutines.......................................................................................52
Invloeden op het niveau van de organisatie.............................................................................................55
Drukkingen van buitenuit..........................................................................................................................59
Drukkingen afkomstig van het publiek.....................................................................................................60
Algemeen kader waarbinnen mediaorganisaties opereren: culturele / ideologische invloeden.............60
Een organisationele benadering van de fictieproductie......................................................................61
De inhoud van soap opera’s................................................................................................................ 61
Organisatie-interne en -externe drukkingen die de inhoud van soaps beïnvloeden............................62
Invloeden op het individueel niveau van professionele mediawerkers...................................................62
Invloeden op het niveau van de mediaroutines.......................................................................................63
Invloeden op het niveau van de organisatie.............................................................................................63
Drukkingen van buitenuit..........................................................................................................................63
Drukkingen afkomstig van het publiek.....................................................................................................64
Algemeen kader waarbinnen mediaorganisaties opereren: culturele / ideologische invloeden.............65
Hoofdstuk 8: massacommunicatie: de inhoud........................................................................................66
De mediatekst....................................................................................................................................66
Wat is een mediatekst?....................................................................................................................... 66
Open versus gesloten teksten (Roberto Eco).......................................................................................66
4
, Studie: Watching Dallas (Ien Ang).............................................................................................................67
Soorten “lezingen” of “decoderingen”................................................................................................ 67
Realisme van mediateksten................................................................................................................. 68
Hoe komt realisme tot stand?...................................................................................................................69
Analyse van mediateksten (onderzoeken van boodschap)..................................................................69
Klassieke kwantitatieve inhoudsanalyse (Berelson).................................................................................69
Kwalitatieve inhoudsanalyse.....................................................................................................................69
Mediagenres......................................................................................................................................70
Kenmerken.......................................................................................................................................... 70
Vier belangrijke tv-genres (Berger)...........................................................................................................71
Voorbeeld van een gerne: reality TV................................................................................................... 72
Drie elementen in zijn definitie van reality TV (Kilborn)...........................................................................72
Drie verschillende subgenres (Bondebjerg)..............................................................................................72
Hoofdstuk 9: massacommunicatie: het publiek......................................................................................73
Veranderende publieksconcepten......................................................................................................73
Publieksonderzoek.............................................................................................................................74
Doelstellingen: media- versus publieksgecentreerd............................................................................74
Onderzoekstradities (onderzoeken van ontvanger).............................................................................74
Structurele traditie....................................................................................................................................74
Gedragstraditie.........................................................................................................................................75
Culturele en receptie-traditie...................................................................................................................75
Onderzoeksmethoden......................................................................................................................... 75
Totstandkoming van een (TV)-publiek................................................................................................75
Benadering 1: structurele verklaringen voor TV-kijken........................................................................76
Programma strategieën van de zenders...................................................................................................76
Kenmerken van de kijkers.........................................................................................................................77
Omgevingsfactoren...................................................................................................................................77
Benadering 2: Uses and Gratifications (U&G): media voor doelbewuste behoeftebevrediging...........78
Uses and Gratifications theorie (Katz)......................................................................................................78
Uitgangspunten van de Uses and Gratifications-theorie..........................................................................79
Aanvullingen en kritiek op de Uses and Gratifictions-theorie..................................................................80
Integratie van beide perspectieven..................................................................................................... 81
Vormen van (non)-selectiviteit.................................................................................................................81
Televisie 2.0?.....................................................................................................................................82
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