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ASSIGNEMTN 10A
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Essay of 22 pages for the course unit 10 at PEARSON (DISTINCTION LEVEL)
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Unit 10 Assignment A
P1: Explain the structure of biological molecules in living organisms
Water
The water molecule consists of 2 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to an
oxygen atom. Overall, the structure of this molecule is bent. This is due to
the oxygen atom because it carries two pairs of unshared electrons but also
forming bonds with the hydrogen atoms. All of the pairs of electrons repel
each other, regardless of whether them being shared or unshared.
1
Carbohydrate
Simple sugars such as glucose, fructose and galactose are the 3
monosaccharides important in nutrition. Their molecules contain 6 carbon
atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms – chemical formula as
C6H12O6.
Another simple sugar is sucrose, this molecule contains 12 carbon atoms, 22
hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms – chemical formula as C12H22O11.
Cellulose
1
By Anon Year: 2022 Container: Study.com URL: https://study.com/learn/lesson/simple-sugar-
molecule-formula-structure.html
OR
,Formation: a polysaccharide structure that is found in plants cell walls.
Linking it together with B-glucose monomers through B-1,4 bonds of
glycosidic, is how it is synthesized.
Structure: Long straight chain of B-glucose units, each of the monomer of
glucose is turned upside down relative to the next one, making linear chains
that are fasten together by hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains.
Cellulose has its strength and hardness due to this arrangement/sequence,
consequently turning it into a vital component in the structure of plant cell
walls.
Glycogen
Formation: in animals and specifically the liver and muscles of the animals,
this is where glycogen is found as a storage polysaccharide. It's created by
linking together monomers of a-glucose through a-1,4 glycosidic bonds with
occasional a-1.6 glycosidic bonding making branches.
Structure: highly branched structure, main chain has units of a-glucose that
are linked by a-1.4 glycosidic bonds, with branched created by a-1.6
glycosidic bond. Very fast hydrolysis of glycogen can occur, due to this
branching, so it can release units of glucose whenever the energy is needed,
consequently making it an efficient storage of energy molecules in animals.
Starch
Formation: the main storage carbohydrate in plants and is found in tubers,
seeds, and other storage organs. Two types of glucose polymers are filled in
this: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose has a chain that is unbranched of a-
glucose units that are linked by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds, but on the other
hand, amylopectin is branched with a-1,6 glycosidic bonds that happen at
branch points.
Structure: these can occur in two forms: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose
makes helical structures because of the sequence of its units of a-glucose,
but on the other hand, amylopectin has branched structure like glycogen but
with less branches. It, the starch, acts like a long-term storage of energy
molecules in plants and is cut down into glucose for energy during
germination or the periods of growth.
, 234
Protein
The word of amino acids is short for alpha amino carboxylic acid. Each
molecule in amino acids consists of a central carbon atom, attached to this is
an amino and a carboxyl group. The two bonds of α-carbon that are
remaining are usually satisfied by the R group and a hydrogen atom.
2
Sucrose
By Wikipedia Contributors Year: 2019 Container: Wikipedia Publisher: Wikimedia
Foundation URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose
3
By Anon Year: 2022 Container: Study.com URL: https://study.com/learn/lesson/simple-
sugar-molecule-formula-structure.html
4
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