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Volledige samenvatting 'ethische en rechtsfilosofische stromingen'

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Een samenvatting voor filosofie kan er erg interessant zijn aangezien weinigen naar de les gaan en het een vak is waarvoor je maar 2 dagen tijd hebt in eerste zit. Ik ben zelf amper naar de les gegaan en heb 13/20 gehaald met deze samenvatting in eerste zit. Alle hoofdstukken zijn erin opgenomen ne...

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  • Yes
  • May 13, 2019
  • 99
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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  • acedemiejaar 2018 2019
  • ethische en rechtsfilosische stromingen

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  • Universiteit Gent (UGent)
  • Bachelor rechten
  • Ethische en rechtsfilosofische stromingen
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De klassieke rechtvaardigingstoets



Inhoud
Normatieve problemen: schijnbare oplossingen....................................................................................5
Geloof.................................................................................................................................................5
Emoties...............................................................................................................................................5
Feitelijke toestand..............................................................................................................................6
Normatieve problemen: rationele benadering.......................................................................................6
Algemeen...........................................................................................................................................6
Bentham: de morele calculus.............................................................................................................6
Kant: morele plicht.............................................................................................................................7
De klassieke rechtvaardigingstoets........................................................................................................8
Algemeen...........................................................................................................................................8
Schendingfase.....................................................................................................................................8
Algemeen........................................................................................................................................8
Schendingfase.................................................................................................................................8
Overtreffase........................................................................................................................................9
Uitzonderingsfase...............................................................................................................................9
Interventiefase.................................................................................................................................10
Voordelen en beperkingen...............................................................................................................10
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................15
Het belang van menselijke waardigheid...............................................................................................15
Betekenisvelden...................................................................................................................................15
Verbod op onmenselijke behandeling..............................................................................................15
Recht op een merkwaardig bestaan.................................................................................................15
Recht op zelfbeschikking..................................................................................................................16
Verbod op discriminatie...................................................................................................................16
Dehumanisering...................................................................................................................................16
Animale en machinale dehumanisering............................................................................................16
Is animale dehumanisering erger dan machinale?...........................................................................16
Handhaving v/d grens tussen mens/dier..........................................................................................17
Theorieën over het belang v/d grens tussen mens/dier...................................................................17
Terror management theory (TMT)................................................................................................17
Social exclusion theory (SET)........................................................................................................18

,Dierlijke waardigheid............................................................................................................................19
De schaduwzijden van vrijheid.............................................................................................................24
Drie soorten vrijheden..........................................................................................................................24
Vrijheid van privéleven (privacy)..........................................................................................................26
Van vrijheid naar privacy (opkomst, crisis, heropleving)..................................................................26
Schadebeginsel en paternalisme......................................................................................................27
Schadebeginsel (John Stuart Mill).................................................................................................27
Zacht, hard en moreel paternalisme.............................................................................................27
Overregulering en partijdige schade.............................................................................................28
Recht op vrije meningsuiting................................................................................................................29
Politieke en ethische controverse.....................................................................................................29
Vrijheid van opvoeden..........................................................................................................................31
Pauline de Broglie- Comment j’ai vu 1900........................................................................................31
Drie beginselen.................................................................................................................................31
Algemeen......................................................................................................................................31
Beginsel van ouderlijke macht......................................................................................................31
Recht op een open toekomst (open future – Joel Feinberg)........................................................32
Beginsel van zelfbestuur...............................................................................................................33
Toepassing: thuisonderwijs voor de Amish......................................................................................33
Vrijheid van cultuur en godsdienst (multiculturalismedebat)..............................................................35
Multiculturele controverses.............................................................................................................35
Drie beginselen.................................................................................................................................35
Neutraliteitsbeginsel (exclusieve neutraliteit, laïcité)...................................................................35
Multiculturalisme (inclusieve neutraliteit, actief pluralisme).......................................................36
Beginsel van medeburgerschap....................................................................................................39
Toepassing: De Raad van State over inburgering in Vlaanderen......................................................41
Gelijkheid: een allemansvriend............................................................................................................47
Formele gelijkheid................................................................................................................................47
Aristoteles........................................................................................................................................47
De aristocratie..................................................................................................................................47
Rechten-gelijkheid................................................................................................................................48
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - Leviathan.........................................................................................48
John Locke (1632-1704)....................................................................................................................48
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)................................................................................................49
De natuurlijke gelijkheid aller mensen (19 e eeuw)...........................................................................49
Racisme en beschavingsleer: dubbele moraal v/d Verlichting en het 19 e-eeuws liberalisme...........49

, Toepassing: klassiek liberalisme en de Europese Unie.....................................................................50
Kansengelijkheid na WOII.....................................................................................................................50
Het beginsel van non-discriminatie..................................................................................................50
Twee modellen voor tegemoetkoming tekorten..............................................................................51
Toepassing: politieke benoemingen.................................................................................................53
Compenserende kansengelijkheid........................................................................................................53
Het meritocratische ideaal...............................................................................................................53
Een substantiële vorm van gelijkheid...............................................................................................54
Toepassing: de hervorming van de kinderbijslag..............................................................................55
Bronnengelijkheid................................................................................................................................55
De compensatie van John Roemer...................................................................................................57
Enkele gedrags-economische spelen................................................................................................57
Welvaartsgelijkheid..............................................................................................................................58
Van utopische droom tot dictatuur van het proletariaat..................................................................59
Vormen van welvaartsgelijkheid.......................................................................................................59
De wet van Piketty............................................................................................................................60
Tot slot: alle gelijkheden op een rijtje..................................................................................................61
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................66
Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992)................................................................................................................66
Robert Nozick (1938-2002)...................................................................................................................68
Libertaristisch alternatief voor zelfgenoegzaam links?.........................................................................69
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................74
De liberale democratie: model, hoofdkenmerken & basispremissen...................................................75
Hoofdkenmerken..............................................................................................................................75
Rechtsstaat...................................................................................................................................75
Scheiding der machten.................................................................................................................75
Periodieke verkiezingen................................................................................................................75
Overheidsneutraliteit....................................................................................................................76
Grondrechten...............................................................................................................................76
Basispremissen.................................................................................................................................76
Burden of judgement....................................................................................................................76
Het redelijkheidscriterium............................................................................................................77
De alternatieven...............................................................................................................................78
Het theocratisch alternatief: de goddelijke bevelstheorie............................................................78
Het natuurrecht............................................................................................................................79
Thomas Hobbes....................................................................................................................................81

,Montesqieu..........................................................................................................................................81
Kritiek...................................................................................................................................................82
Negatieve kritiek op het werkoorzakelijk natuurrecht.....................................................................82
Negatieve kritiek op het doeloorzakelijke natuurrecht....................................................................82
Positieve kritiek................................................................................................................................82
Het volkssoevereine alternatief............................................................................................................82
Carl Schmitt en Joseph de Maistre: de Dracula’s van de liberale democratie......................................84
Kritiek van Carl Schmitt.....................................................................................................................84
De kritiek v Joseph de Maistre..........................................................................................................85
Schmitt & Maistre: Dracula’s of doodgravers van de liberale democratie?......................................87
De filosofisch-anarchistische kritiek.....................................................................................................87
Voordeeltheorieën...............................................................................................................................88
Straffen als rechtsfilosofisch probleem................................................................................................94
Utilaristische rechtvaardiging (Bentham, Beccaria)..............................................................................94
Algemene visie..................................................................................................................................94
Utilitarisme hangt af van empirische toetsing..................................................................................95
Utilitarisme botst met intuïtie..........................................................................................................95
Retributivistische rechtvaardiging (Kant)..............................................................................................96
Algemeen..........................................................................................................................................96
Dwangprobleem...............................................................................................................................96
Vrije wil probleem............................................................................................................................96
Moreel-educatieve rechtvaardiging (B.F. Skinner)...............................................................................98
Conclusie..............................................................................................................................................99

, Normatieve problemen: schijnbare oplossingen
Def. Vraag of bepaalde handeling, regel, toestand, maatregel moet worden toegelaten (mogen),
verplicht (moeten) of verboden (mogen), opgelost door normatieve disciplines (bv. moraalfilosofie)

Sociale rollen
spelen mee
Oplossing
Determinanten
Gerelateerd
(bv. afstand, tijd,
probleem
plaats)
Bv. doorbreken
beroepsgeheim?


Sociale rol =
irrelevant
Oplossing
Determinant =
irrelevant
Normatief Ongerelateerd Betrekking op alle
probleem probleem mensen



Bv. Mag abortus?



Geen beroep op
° Argumenten
geloof doen


Normatief
probleem oplossen Kritiek aanvaarden
= rationeel


Kritiek weerleggen



Geloof
 Individuele gelovigen verantwoorden morele

Dilemma van Euthyphro (Plato)

 Euthyphro = vader aangeven voor moord op slaaf
Reden: Aanklacht is vroom, wil v/d goden
 Moreel gedrag wordt opgedragen door goden
 Moreel verantwoord omdat God het wil?
Bv. stelen is neutraal  God zegt = maakt het immoreel
 Wil van God is willekeurig: wilt dat we stelen = moreel verantwoord
 God zegt stelen zelf = immoreel : niet langer willekeurige wil => overbodige God door
externe factoren
 Leven leiden onafhankelijk van God

Emoties
 Beïnvloeden normatieve opinie
- Kunnen niet zonder: actie ondernemen voor rechtvaardigheid
- Beperkingen

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