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1 SCIENCE 5 PRINCIPAL THRUSTS 7 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
Systematic attempt to understand natural phenomena Unification Strong nuclear force
in as much detail and depth as possible, and use the To explain diverse physical phenomenon in terms of few concepts and laws.
m Acts between nucleons
knowledge so gained to predict, modify and control Reduction
m Short range (Nuclear size » 10–15 m)
phenomena To derive the properties of a larger and a more complex problem or system
into simpler constituents m Relative strength = 1
m Mediating particles are mesons
2 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 6 PRINCIPAL DOMAINS Electromagnetic force
The scientific method involves several interconnected Macroscopic domain m Force due to virtue of charges
steps: Phenomenon at laboratory, terrestrial and celestial scale Mainly dealt by
m Both attractive and repulsive
m Systematic observations classical physics including mechanics, electrodynamics, optics and
thermodynamics m Range is infinite
m Controlled experiments, m Relative strength = 10–2
Microscopic domain
m Qualitative and quantitative reasoning Constitution and structure of matter at the minute scales of atoms and nuclei. m Mediating particles are photons
m Mathematical modelling, prediction and verification Mainly dealt by quantum physics Weak Nuclear Force
or falsification of theories m Between some elementary particles particularly
8 NATURE OF PHYSICAL LAWS electron and neutrino
m Conservation of energy : In an isolated system, total energy remains m Very short range (» 10–16 m)
3 HYPOTHESIS AND AXIOMS
conserved.
A hypothesis is a supposition without assuming that m Relative strength = 10–13
m m Conservation of linear momentum : In an isolated system, total linear
it is true. momentum remains conserved. m Mediating particles are bosons
m An axiom is a self-evident truth while a model is a m Conservation of angular momentum : In an isolated system, total Gravitational Force
angular momentum remains conserved. m Force of attraction by virtue of mass
theory proposed to explain observed phenomena.
m Symmetry of nature with respect to translation in time is equivalent to the m Always attractive in nature
law of conservation of energy
m Symmetry of the laws of nature with respect to translation in space gives m It is weakest fundamental force
4 PHYSICS
rise to conservation of linear momentum m Range is infinite
Study of the basic laws of nature and manifestation in m Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred direction in space) underlies m Relative strength = 10–36
different natural phenomenon the law of conservation of angular momentum m Mediating particle are graviton
1. Natural sciences does not include 5. Among the following, choose the incorrect (1) A
statement [NCERT Pg. 3]
[NCERT Pg. 2] (2) B
(1) The microscopic domain of physics (3) C
(1) Physics
deals with the constitution and structure
(2) Chemistry (4) D
of matter at the minute scales of atoms
(3) Biology and nuclei 8. Among the following scientists, the one who
is credited for the contribution to theory of
(4) Social Science (2) Classical Physics deals mainly
condensed matter is [NCERT Pg. 6]
with macroscopic phenomena and
2. Principal thrusts in Physics are (1) Ernest Orlando Lawrence
includes subjects like Mechanics,
[NCERT Pg. 2] Electrodynamics, Optics and (2) C.V. Raman
(1) Unification Thermodynamics (3) Ernest Rutherford
(3) Both of the above (4) Lev Davidovich Landau
(2) Reduction
(4) None of the above 9. Full form of LASER is [NCERT Pg. 7]
(3) Both (1) and (2)
6. Phenomenon of neutron induced fission of (1) Light amplification by shorted extraction
(4) None of the above of rays
uranimum, which serves as a basis of
3. Attempt to explain diverse physical nuclear power reactors and nuclear (2) Light amplification by stimulated
phenomenon in terms of a few concepts and weapons, was discovered by [NCERT Pg. 5] emission of radiation
laws is called [NCERT Pg. 2] (3) Long absorption of silent extraction of
(1) Hahn and Meitner (2) Einstein
(1) Unification radiation
(3) Neils Bohr (4) Nicholas Tesla
(4) None of the above
(2) Reduction
7. Among the following, the scientists are
10. Choose the incorrect statement among the
(3) Fusion matched with their major contribution or
following in relation to the electromagnetic
(4) All of the above discovery. Which among the following is waves. [NCERT Pg. 8]
incorrectly matched? [NCERT Pg. 5]
4. Classical Physics mainly deals with (1) Electromagnetic force do not require
A Archimedes Principle of intervening medium
[NCERT Pg. 3] Buoyancy
(2) They act over large distances
(1) Microscopic phenomenon B Christiaan Wave Theory of
Huygens Light (3) Electromagnetic force is weaker than the
(2) Macroscopic phenomenon gravitational forces
C J.C.Bose X-rays
(3) Atomic phenomenon D Albert Theory of Relativity (4) Electromagnetc forces may be
(4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Einstein attractive or repulsive
1. Newton, under a common law of gravitation, 4. J.J. Thomson is credited for his discovery of 8. The laws of nature are _______ everywhere
unified _______ and celestial domains. ________ [NCERT Pg. 5]
in the universe. [NCERT Pg. 12]
[NCERT Pg. 10] 5. Hideki Yukawa is known for his contribution
towards ________ forces [NCERT Pg. 6]
2. Symmetry of nature with respect to 9. There are ________ fundamental forces in
translation in time is equivalent to law of 6. _______ was discovered by E.O. Lawrence
nature. [NCERT Pg. 10]
conservation of ________. [NCERT Pg. 12] [NCERT Pg. 6]
3. Symmetry of nature with respect to 7. Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred 10. Fundamental forces which has shortest
translation in space is equivalent to law of direction in space) underlies the law of
conservation of ________ [NCERT Pg. 12] conservation of ________ [NCERT Pg. 12] range is ________ force. [NCERT Pg. 9]
1 UNITS 3 MEASUREMENT 4 MEASUREMENT OF MASS 5 MEASUREMENT OF TIME
OF LENGTH SI unit is kilogram (kg)
Measurement of any physical quantity involves m m Atomic standard of time: This is based on
m Large distance is measured Unified atomic mass unit (u). It is used to
comparison with certain basic arbitrarily chosen m caesium clock, uncertainty gained overtime by
by parallax method. measure mass of atoms and molecules 13
internationally accepted reference called units. Basis caesium atomic clock is less than 1 part in 10
m Parallax angle = m 1 u = 1/12 × mass of one C-12 atom.
Classification Distance –27 (loss of 3 ms in one year)
–2 m 1 u = 1.66 × 10 kg –24
m 1° = 1.745 × 10 rad –30 m Time span of most unstable particle 10 s
–6 m Electron mass 10 kg 8
Fundamental units Derived units m 1¢¢ = 4.85 × 10 rad 25 m Travel time for light from nearest star 10 s
m Measurement of very small m Earth mass 10 kg
17
Independent of Expressed as combination of Observable universe
55
10 kg m Age of universe 10 s
distance like size of molecule m
each other fundamental units uses, Optical microscope,
m A complete set of these units, both the base units Electronic microscope and 6 ACCURACY and PRECISION
Tunneling microscope m Every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty called error.
and derived units is known as system of units. 11
m 1 AU = 1.496 × 10 m m Accuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close is the measured value to true value.
m Old system of units: CGS, FPS and MKS system. 15
m In CGS fundamental units are centimeter, gram and m 1 ly = 9.46 × 10 m m Precision tells us to what resolution the quantity is measured.
16
second. m 1 parsec = 3.08 × 10 m m It is not necessary that more precise value is more accurate too.
–15
m In FPS fundamental units are foot, pound and m Size of proton 10 m
7
second. m Radius of Earth 10 m 7 ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
26
m In MKS fundamental units are meter, kilogram and m Distance to boundary 10 m Errors
second. of observable universe
Systematic Random
2 SI SYSTEM OF UNITS (INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS)
m Presently accepted internationally for measurement is SI system of units, revised
Instrumental Experimental Personal
in 2018. Certain rules to follow with standard symbols
m It is decimal system thus, conversion within system is easy and convenient m Every measurement is approximate due to errors.
m It has 7 base unit and 2 supplementary units m Random errors occurs irregularly.
m Least count error is smallest value that can be measured by instrument (occurs within both
Base Units Supplementary Units systematic and random errors).
S.N. Quantity Unit Symbol S.N. Quantity Unit Symbol S(|ai – amean|)
m Absolute error =
1. Plane angle radian rad n
1. Length meter m Damean
2. Solid angle steradian sr m Relative error =
2. Mass kilogram kg amean
3. Time second s Damean
m Percentage error = a × 100
4. Electric current ampere A r mean
ds Combination of errors
5. Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature dq
O
dq = ds/r radian
6. Amount of mole mol r Sum and difference Product or Quotient
substance dW dA DZ = DA + DB DZ DA DB
O = +
7. Luminous candela cd Z A B
a b
intensity AB Dx DA DB DC
2 m If X = c then % =a% +b% +c%
dW = dA/r steradian C x A B C
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