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Samenvatting psychogerontologie ()

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Course
Psychogerontologie (003734)

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Dit is een uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak 'Psychogerontologie' gedoceerd door Prof. Dr. Eva Dierckx aan de VUB in het academiejaar . De samenvatting bevat de slides en uitgebreide lesnota's. Succes!

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Uploaded on May 22, 2024
Number of pages 94
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

begrippen veroudering
ziektebeelden
cognitie
dementie
zelfbeschadiging
levenseinde en rouw
persoonlijkheid
fysieke veranderingen veroudering

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Education
Psychologie
Course
Psychogerontologie (003734)

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PSYCHOGERONTOLOGIE

INHOUDSOPGAVE

Hoofdstuk 1: Belangrijke thema’s en begrippen bij veroudering ..................................................................... 7
1. Vergrijzing ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1. Ouderen: wie zijn ze? ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. Functionele leeftijd...................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2. Functionele vs chronologische leeftijd ........................................................................................ 8
1.2. Enkele cijfers ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2.1. Levensverwachting ............................................................................................................................ 9
2. Biopsychosociale perspectief ......................................................................................................................... 11
3. Vier principes van het ‘ouder worden’ ........................................................................................................... 11

4. Persoonlijk versus sociaal ouder worden ....................................................................................................... 13
4.1. Normatieve leeftijdsgerelateerde invloeden ......................................................................................... 13
4.2. Normatieve geschiedenisgerelateerde invloeden.................................................................................. 14
4.3. Niet-normatieve invloeden .................................................................................................................... 14
5. Modellen van ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................... 14
5.1. Nature en nurture .................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1.1. Nature en nurture in wisselwerking ................................................................................................ 14
6. Benaderingen van de vergrijzing en het verouderingsproces ........................................................................ 15
6.1. Biologische benadering .......................................................................................................................... 16
6.1.1. Achtergrond .................................................................................................................................... 16
6.1.2. Geprogrammeerde verouderingstheorieën .................................................................................... 16
6.1.3. Random error theorieën ................................................................................................................. 17
6.2. Psychologische benadering .................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.1. Psychosociale theorie van Erikson .................................................................................................. 19
6.2.2. Cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Piaget ................................................................................... 20
6.2.3. Identity proces theory van Whitbourne .......................................................................................... 20
6.2.4. Ecologisch perspectief van Bronfenbrenner ................................................................................... 20
6.3. Socioculturele benadering...................................................................................................................... 21
6.3.1. Sociale rollen in de maatschappij .................................................................................................... 21
6.3.2. Ageïsme ........................................................................................................................................... 21
6.3.3. Sociale klok ...................................................................................................................................... 21

Hoofdstuk 2: Fysieke veranderingen bij veroudering ..................................................................................... 22
1. Verschijningsvorm ......................................................................................................................................... 22
1.1. De huid .............................................................................................................................................. 22
1.2. Het haar ............................................................................................................................................. 23
1.3. De nagels, neus, oren en tanden ....................................................................................................... 23

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, 2. Lichaamsbouw ....................................................................................................................................... 23

3. Bewegingsstelsel ................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1. Spieren .............................................................................................................................................. 24
3.2. Beenderen ......................................................................................................................................... 24
3.3. Gewrichten ........................................................................................................................................ 24
4. vitale lichaamsfuncties .......................................................................................................................... 25
4.1. Cardiovasculaire systeem .................................................................................................................. 25
4.2. Ademhalingsstelsel ............................................................................................................................ 25
4.3. Urinewegen ....................................................................................................................................... 25
4.4. Spijsverteringsstelsel ......................................................................................................................... 26
5. Controlesystemen van het lichaam ....................................................................................................... 26
5.1. Endocriene systeem .......................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.1. Seksuele veranderingen ............................................................................................................ 27
5.2. Immuunsysteem ................................................................................................................................ 28
6. Zenuwstelsel .......................................................................................................................................... 28
6.1. Centraal zenuwstelsel ....................................................................................................................... 28
6.2. Slaap .................................................................................................................................................. 29
6.3. Temperatuurscontrole ...................................................................................................................... 29
7. Sensatie en perceptie ............................................................................................................................ 29
7.1. Zicht ................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.2. Gehoor............................................................................................................................................... 30
7.3. Evenwicht .......................................................................................................................................... 30
7.4. Reuk en smaak .................................................................................................................................. 30
7.5. Somatosensorische systeem ............................................................................................................. 31

Hoofdstuk 3: Ziektebeelden – fysieke gezondheid ......................................................................................... 32
1. Ziekten van het cardiovasculaire systeem ..................................................................................................... 32
1.1. Atherosclerosis ....................................................................................................................................... 32
1.2. Arteriosclerosis ....................................................................................................................................... 32
1.3. Hypertensie ............................................................................................................................................ 33
1.4. Congestive haert failure ......................................................................................................................... 33
1.5. Cerebrovasculair accident ...................................................................................................................... 33
1.6. Transient Ischemic Accident (TIA) .......................................................................................................... 33
1.7. Levensstijlen die het risico op hart- en vaatziekten verhogen ............................................................... 34
2. Kanker ................................................................................................................................................... 34

3. Ziekten van het musculoskeletale systeem............................................................................................ 34
3.1. (osteo) Artritis ................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2. Osteoperosis...................................................................................................................................... 35
4. Diabetes................................................................................................................................................. 35
5. Ziekten van het ademhalingsstelsel ...................................................................................................... 36
5.1. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ................................................................................. 36
5.1.1. Chronische bronchitis ................................................................................................................ 36
5.1.2. Chronisch emphysema .............................................................................................................. 36

Hoofdstuk 4: cognitie en gezond ouder worden ............................................................................................ 37

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, 1. Cognitie ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
1.1. twee soorten cognitie ....................................................................................................................... 37
1.1.1. General slowing (fluid intelligence) ............................................................................................... 37
1.2. WAIS: Wechsler intelligence scale..................................................................................................... 38
1.2.1. Fluid en crystallized intelligence in intelligentietests ................................................................ 38
1.3. Crystallized en fluid intelligence ........................................................................................................ 38
2. Cognitieve achteruitgang ...................................................................................................................... 39
2.1. Oorzaak ............................................................................................................................................. 39
2.2. Proximale factoren ............................................................................................................................ 39
2.2.1. Uitvoeringsstrategieën .............................................................................................................. 39
2.2.2. Informatieverwerkingsaspecten................................................................................................ 39
2.2.3. Globale cogntieve achteruitgang............................................................................................... 39
2.2.4. Hulpbronnen of resources ......................................................................................................... 40
2.2.5. Neurobiologische aspecten ....................................................................................................... 43
3. Implicaties voor het functioneren .......................................................................................................... 43

4. Consequenties van het verminderd fucntioneren .................................................................................. 43
5. Cognitieve training ................................................................................................................................ 44
6. Wanneer is het probleem ERNSTIG?...................................................................................................... 44
7. Met ouderen werken ............................................................................................................................. 44

Hoofdstuk 5 : Cognitieve en pathologisch ouder worden – ziektebeelden ..................................................... 45
1. Pathologische veroudering ............................................................................................................................ 45
1.1. Delirium ............................................................................................................................................. 45
1.2. dementie (neurodegeneratieve aandoeningen) ............................................................................... 46
1.2.1. Dementie – BPSD ....................................................................................................................... 46
1.2.2. Terminologie (DSM-V) ............................................................................................................... 47
1.2.3. Risicofactoren dementie ........................................................................................................... 48
1.2.4. Vormen van dementie ............................................................................................................... 49
1.2.5. Ziekte van Alzheimer ................................................................................................................. 49
1.2.6. Frontotemporale dementie (FTD) ............................................................................................. 51
1.2.7. Lewy Body Dementie (DLB) ....................................................................................................... 52
1.2.8. Ziekte van Parkinson ................................................................................................................. 52
1.2.9. Vasculaire dementie .................................................................................................................. 52
1.2.10. Behandeling dementie .......................................................................................................... 53
1.3. Amnestische stoornissen................................................................................................................... 53
1.4. depressie (“depressieve pseudodementie”) ..................................................................................... 53
2. Diagnostiek van neurodegeneratieve aandoeningen ............................................................................ 54
2.1. Diagnostische principes ..................................................................................................................... 54
2.2. Diagnostisch proces........................................................................................................................... 54
2.3. Met ouderen werken ........................................................................................................................ 55
2.4. Diagnostische intrumenten ............................................................................................................... 55
2.4.1. Cognitieve screeningstesten...................................................................................................... 55
2.4.2. Neuropsychologische testinstrumenten ................................................................................... 55
2.4.3. Gedragsobservatieschalen ........................................................................................................ 56

Hoofdstuk 6: Vroegtijdige detectie van Alzheimerdementie: een neuropsychologische benadering .............. 57

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, 1. Uitgangspunten van het onderzoek .............................................................................................................. 57
1.1. Differentiele diagnose AD-depressie ................................................................................................. 57
2. Doelstellingen van het onderzoek ......................................................................................................... 58

3. Methode van het onderzoek.................................................................................................................. 58
3.1. Subjecten ........................................................................................................................................... 58
3.2. Procedure .......................................................................................................................................... 58
3.3. Materiaal ........................................................................................................................................... 59
3.4. Procedure: de testbatterij ................................................................................................................. 60
3.5. Resultaten ......................................................................................................................................... 60
3.5.1. Demografische gegevens........................................................................................................... 60
3.5.2. Primacy and recency effect ....................................................................................................... 60
3.5.3. Recognition................................................................................................................................ 61
3.5.4. Percentage vergeten ................................................................................................................. 62
3.5.5. Cued recall taak ......................................................................................................................... 62
3.5.6. Intellectuele detoriatie .............................................................................................................. 63
3.6. Besluit ................................................................................................................................................ 64
3.6.1. Differentiële diagnose AD-depressie ......................................................................................... 64
3.6.2. Resultaten: follow-up studie ..................................................................................................... 65
3.6.3. Algemeen besluit ....................................................................................................................... 65

Hoofdstuk 7: Zelfbeschadiging bij oudere volwassenen................................................................................. 66
1. Wat is zelfbeschadiging? ............................................................................................................................... 66
1.1. Bredere definitie .................................................................................................................................... 66
1.2. Factoren van zelfbeschadiging die de types onderscheiden .................................................................. 66
1.2.1. Suïcidaal vs niet suïcidaal ............................................................................................................... 66
1.2.2. Rechtstreeks vs niet rechtstreeks.................................................................................................... 67
1.2.3. Actief vs latent................................................................................................................................. 67
1.3. Prevalentie bij oudere volwassenen ...................................................................................................... 67
1.4. Methoden bij oudere volwassenen ........................................................................................................ 68
1.5. Heterotypische continuïteit ................................................................................................................... 68
1.6. Methoden en functies ............................................................................................................................ 69
2. Waarom is onderzoek hiernaar bij oudere volwassenen belangrijk? ............................................................ 70
2.1. Rationale ................................................................................................................................................ 70
3. Wat houdt onderzoek hiernaar in?........................................................................................................ 71
3.1. Wat vertelt de literatuur? ................................................................................................................. 71
3.1.1. Een overzicht obv een systematische review ............................................................................ 71
3.2. Wat vertellen experts uit de onderenzorg? ...................................................................................... 73
3.2.1. Onderzoeksopzet....................................................................................................................... 73
3.2.2. Een overzicht van de thema’s uit de interviews ........................................................................ 73
3.3. Wat vertellen de vragenlijsten ons die door jullie verzameld werd? ................................................ 74
3.3.1. Een overzicht van wat de vragenlijst meet................................................................................ 74
3.3.2. Een overzicht van de demografische gegevens ......................................................................... 75
3.3.3. Een overzicht van de prevalentie .............................................................................................. 75
3.3.4. Een overzicht van de verschillen tussen ooit vs nooit ZB .......................................................... 76
4. Conclusie................................................................................................................................................ 77
4.1. Praktische implicaties en suggesties voor toekomstig onderzoek .................................................... 77

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