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A Level AQA Philosophy Epistemology June 2024 Exam Review
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A Level AQA Philosophy Epistemology June 2024 Exam Review
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A Level AQA Philosophy EpistemologyJune 2024 Exam Review
a posteriori - Answer>> Knowledge of propositions that
can only be known to be true or false through sense
experience.
a priori - Answer>> Knowledge of propositions that do
not require (sense) experience to be known to be true or
false.
Propositional Knowledge - Answer>> Knowledge of
facts.
Belief - Answer>> Assenting to a proposition or agreeing
that it is true.
Philosophical Scepticism - Answer>> We should doubt
that our beliefs are justified and that we have knowledge.
Normal Incredulity - Answer>> Demanding strong
reasons or evidence for a claim before believing it.
Justification - Answer>> Possessing good reasons for a
belief.
Infallibilism - Answer>> To be knowledge, a belief must
be certain. If we can doubt a belief, then it is not certain,
and so it is not knowledge.
,Indubitable - Answer>> Impossible to doubt.
Fallibilism - Answer>> The principle that propositions
concerning empirical knowledge can be accepted even
though they cannot be proved with certainty.
Local Scepticism - Answer>> Local scepticism is
scepticism about a particular kind of knowledge claims —
eg the religious sceptic doubts the possibility of knowledge
of God.
Global Scepticism - Answer>> Doubt about the
justification of ALL beliefs and knowledge.
Rational Intuition - Answer>> The capacity to discover
the truth of a claim just by thinking about it using reason.
Deduction - Answer>> An argument where the
conclusion is guaranteed to be true if the premises are
true.
Substance - Answer>> Something that can exist
independently of anything else and has a specific set of
properties.
Necessary Condition - Answer>> A condition which is
required to be met in order for something to be true.
,Sufficient Condition - Answer>> A condition which, if
met, guarantees that something is true.
What is the role of scepticism? - Answer>> To find out if
we can have knowledge, how much knowledge we have
and how we know what we know.
Knowledge= Justified True Belief - Answer>> S knows
that p if and
only if
a) S believes that p
b) S is justified in
believing that p
c) p is true
Descartes' Method of Doubt - Answer>> Since we
require certainty for knowledge, Descartes uses doubt to
work out what we know. For any belief that can be
rationally doubted is not knowledge and should be given
up. To doubt a belief is to find a belief with reasons that do
not guarantee that it is true.
Once we find a belief that cannot be rationally doubted
(i.e. indubitable), we have knowledge.
Foundationalism (Descartes) - Answer>> Claims that a
belief can be justified if it comes from sound premises. A
belief is justified only if it is based upon something which
guarantees that it is true, like the walls of a sound building
are based on solid foundations. Everything else is then
'built' up on top of this.
, Internalism - Answer>> All justification rests on
internal/mental states. For Descartes, you should only
believe something because of reasons which you
possess.
These reasons can come from perception or memory or
by making an argument.
What was Descartes' project? - Answer>> A search for
beliefs that can be foundations for all knowledge.
Descartes' First Wave of Doubt (ILLUSION) - Answer>>
1. Most of my beliefs which I am most certain of are based
on perception.
2. However, the senses sometimes deceive us, about
objects that are very small or distant
for example.
3. It is unwise to trust completely what has deceived us
even once.
4. Knowledge requires complete trust (i.e. beliefs must be
infallibly justified - with total
rational certainty).
5. Therefore I should give up my beliefs based on
perception (i.e. no perceptual
knowledge).
Descartes' response to the First Wave - Answer>> 1.
The senses don't deceive us about experiences of nearby
objects such as me sitting here, holding this
piece of paper.
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