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Summary Option D - Geophysical Hazards Notes

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These IB HL Geography Notes cover all aspects of the syllabus for the Unit 1 topic Geophysical Hazards. They are typed, organised, include diagrams and graphs, and are for the new specification, first examinations in 2019.

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  • Option d
  • May 15, 2019
  • 31
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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Geophysical Hazards

Mechanisms of plate movement:
 Internal heating
 Convection currents
 Plumes
 Subduction
 Rifting at plate margins




Internal Structure of the Earth:




 The solid mantle makes up 82% of the volume of the Earth.
 The density of the layers is controlled by temperature and pressure.

Internal Heating:
 The flow of heat comes from two main sources-radiogenic heat (radioactive decay of
materials in the mantle and crust) and primordial heat (heat lost by the Earth as it continues to
cool from its original formation).
 Earth heat is transferred by convection, conduction and volcanic advection.
o Most is by mantle convection, with the remaining heat mainly originating in the
Earth's crust
o About 1% is due to volcanic activity, earthquakes and mountain building.
o Almost all of the Earth's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through
the crust.

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