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Summary - POLS2006A (Pols2006)
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Summary - POLS2006A (Pols2006)
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Recap and introduction:In today’s tutorial, we will build on our exploration of modernity by delving
into the concept of governmentality through the lens of Michel Foucault.
With a focus on the darker side of Western modernity, as illuminated by
Cornel West's "Modernity and its Discontents" and Walter Mignolo's "The
Darker Side of Western Modernity," we aim to deepen our understanding
of the complexities inherent in modern societal structures. This discussion
will serve as a continuation of our journey through the intellectual
landscape of modernity, where we have examined foundational ideas and
pivotal moments shaping contemporary thought. Last week, we delved
into Giannofranco's "Images of a Society," which provided valuable
insights into societal dynamics. Today, we will further unpack these
insights and explore how they intersect with Foucault's notion of
governmentality, shedding light on the intricate web of forces that shape
our contemporary world. Join us as we engage in interdisciplinary dialogue
and critical analysis to unravel the complexities of Western modernity.
Main arguments in readings:
In "Modernity and its Discontents," Cornel West offers a trenchant critique
of modernity, arguing that despite its lofty ideals of progress and
liberation, it has failed to deliver on its promises. West contends that the
emphasis on individualism and rationality in modernity has often led to
the neglect of communal bonds and spiritual values, resulting in a sense
of alienation and fragmentation within society. He highlights the various
forms of oppression and social injustices perpetuated by modernity,
calling for a critical engagement with its shortcomings to foster a more
just and humane society. Walter Mignolo's "The Darker Side of Western
Modernity" complements West's critique by focusing on the colonial and
imperialist dimensions of Western modernity. Mignolo argues that Western
modernity has been built on the exploitation and subjugation of non-
Western peoples and cultures, perpetuating epistemic violence through
the marginalisation of alternative knowledge systems. He calls for
decolonizing knowledge and embracing pluriversal dialogues to challenge
the hegemony of Western-centric narratives and promote epistemic
justice. Together, West and Mignolo's insights challenge us to confront the
darker aspects of Western modernity and strive towards more inclusive
and equitable societies that recognise the diversity of human experiences
and knowledge traditions.
In Michel Foucault's essay on governmentality, he presents a nuanced
analysis of power dynamics in modern societies. Central to his argument
is the idea that governance techniques have undergone a transformation
from traditional forms of sovereign power to a more diffuse and
, decentralised mode of power. Foucault introduces the concept of
governmentality to capture this shift, emphasising that it encompasses a
broad range of practices aimed at regulating individuals and populations.
He explores how biopower operates through mechanisms of surveillance,
regulation, and normalization, aimed at managing the health, behavior,
and productivity of populations. Foucault also delves into the strategic
calculations and rationalities employed by governing authorities, viewing
government as an art that involves the rational management of risks and
uncertainties. Moreover, Foucault offers a critique of liberalism,
challenging its claims to freedom and individual autonomy by highlighting
the ways in which liberal governance perpetuates inequalities and limits
individual agency. Overall, Foucault's essay provides valuable insights into
the complex interplay between power, knowledge, and governance in
modern societies, inviting us to rethink our understanding of political
authority and control.
Biopower, a key concept introduced by Michel Foucault, refers to the
mechanisms and strategies through which power is exercised over
populations through their bodies and lives. It involves the regulation and
control of biological processes, behaviors, and populations in order to
enhance state control and ensure the functioning of society.
Foucault describes two main dimensions of biopower:
1. Anatomo-Politics: This dimension focuses on the regulation of
individual bodies through disciplinary techniques, such as surveillance,
normalization, and classification. It operates through institutions like
hospitals, schools, and prisons, which discipline and control individual
bodies to conform to societal norms and standards.
2. Biopolitics: This dimension extends beyond individual bodies to
encompass entire populations. Biopolitics involves the management and
regulation of populations through practices such as public health policies,
welfare programs, and demographic controls. The goal is to optimize the
health, productivity, and longevity of populations, while also regulating
reproduction and controlling disease.
Overall, biopower represents a shift in the way power operates, moving
from the direct control of bodies to the management and regulation of
populations as a whole. It reflects the increasing emphasis on governance
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