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samenvatting semester 1 verbintenissenrecht 2023/2024
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Volledige samenvatting van alle lessen uit het eerste semester van verbintenissenrecht
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Verbintennisenrecht 2023-2024, 1e semesterVUB
LES 1..............................................................................................................................................7
Wat is een verbintenis?..................................................................................................................7
Verbintenis...................................................................................................................................................7
Bronnen van verbintenissen........................................................................................................................8
Natuurlijke verbintenis................................................................................................................................9
Verbintenissenrecht versus zakenrecht....................................................................................................11
Juridisch kader.............................................................................................................................11
Algemeen contractenrecht: contractbegrip en contractenrecht in perspectief...........................12
Contractbegrip...........................................................................................................................................12
Belang van het contractenrecht................................................................................................................13
Contracten olympische sporten................................................................................................................15
Internationalisering, europeanisering, regionalisering …..........................................................................16
Soorten contracten......................................................................................................................16
Consensuele, vormelijke of zakelijke contracten – art. 5.5 BW:...............................................................16
Wederkerige en eenzijdige contracten – art. 5.6 BW:..............................................................................17
Contracten onder bezwarende en ten kosteloze titel – art. 5.7 BW:.......................................................17
Vergeldende en kanscontracten – art. 5.8 BW:........................................................................................18
Raamcontract – art. 5.9 BW:.....................................................................................................................18
Toetredingscontract – art. 5.10 BW:.........................................................................................................19
Contract met een consument – art. 5.11 BW:...........................................................................................19
Meerpartijencontract – art. 5.12 BW:.......................................................................................................19
Duurcontracten versus aflopende contracten..........................................................................................20
Contracten intuitu personae (versus intuitu pecuniae)............................................................................20
Benoemde en onbenoemde contracten...................................................................................................20
Gemengde contracten:..............................................................................................................................21
Contractvrijheid...........................................................................................................................21
Contractvrijheid: basisbeginsel..................................................................................................................21
Contractvrijheid: fundamenteel recht en functies....................................................................................22
Beperkingen aan de vrijheid.........................................................................................................23
Boek 5 = in principe suppletief recht.........................................................................................................23
Openbare orde en regels van dwingend recht..........................................................................................23
Fundamentele rechten..............................................................................................................................23
Verbod van rechtsmisbruik........................................................................................................................24
Fraus omnia corrumpit..............................................................................................................................25
Wetsontduiking..........................................................................................................................................27
Buitencontractuele foutaansprakelijkheid................................................................................................29
LES 2............................................................................................................................................30
Onderhandelingsvrijheid..............................................................................................................30
Vrijheid om te onderhandelen..................................................................................................................30
Beperkingen aan de vrijheid: precontractuele aansprakelijkheid................................................30
Beperkingen...............................................................................................................................................30
Foutief afgebroken onderhandelingen......................................................................................................31
Schending precontractuele informatieplichten.........................................................................................33
Geen misbruik of geweld...........................................................................................................................35
Afspraken tijdens de onderhandelingen – voorcontracten..........................................................35
Uitlopende, al dan niet bindende afspraken.............................................................................................36
1
,Verbintennisenrecht 2023-2024, 1e semester
VUB
Voorcontracten..........................................................................................................................................36
Raam- of kaderovereenkomst...................................................................................................................38
Totstandkoming van de overeenkomst – consensualisme en formaliteiten................................38
Consensualisme.........................................................................................................................................38
Uitzondering op consensualisme...............................................................................................................39
Formaliteiten: uiteenlopende functies......................................................................................................39
Totstandkoming van de overeenkomst – wilsovereenstemming.................................................40
Wilsovereenstemming – aanbod en aanvaarding.....................................................................................40
Aanbod.......................................................................................................................................................40
Aanvaarding...............................................................................................................................................41
Overeenkomst bij aanvaarding van aanbod..............................................................................................42
Totstandkoming meerpartijenovereenkomst...........................................................................................43
Bedoeling om rechtsgevolgen te creëren..................................................................................................43
Wilsautonomie.............................................................................................................................44
Wilsautonomie: basisbeginsel?.................................................................................................................44
Ook relativering.........................................................................................................................................44
Genuanceerde benadering........................................................................................................................45
Discrepantie tussen de werkelijke wil en verklaarde wil?.........................................................................45
Rol van vertrouwensleer in het Belgische recht........................................................................................46
Algemene voorwaarden...............................................................................................................46
Toepasselijkheid van algemene voorwaarden..........................................................................................46
Battle of the forms – Tegenstrijdige algemene voorwaarden: welke gelden?..........................................47
Verzet mogelijk tegen de toepassing van algemene voorwaarden van medecontractant?.....................48
Interpretatie en geldigheid........................................................................................................................48
LES 3............................................................................................................................................49
Geldigheidsvereisten....................................................................................................................49
Geldigheid van een contract......................................................................................................................49
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................................49
Bewustzijnsverlies......................................................................................................................................50
Wilsgebrek: dwaling...................................................................................................................................50
Wilsgebrek: bedrog....................................................................................................................................51
Wilsgebrek: geweld....................................................................................................................................52
Wilsgebrek: misbruik van omstandigheden..............................................................................................53
Bewijs en sancties bij wilsgebreken...........................................................................................................53
Gebrek aan rechts- of handelingsbekwaamheid..........................................................................54
Rechtsbekwaamheid..................................................................................................................................54
Handelingsbekwaamheid..........................................................................................................................54
Onbestaand, onmogelijk, ongeoorloofd of onbepaalbaar voorwerp...........................................55
Begrip: voorwerp.......................................................................................................................................55
Onmogelijk voorwerp/ onbestaand voorwerp..........................................................................................55
Buiten de handel/ ongeoorloofd voorwerp..............................................................................................56
Onbepaalbaar voorwerp............................................................................................................................56
Toekomstige goederen..............................................................................................................................57
Onbestaande, valse of ongeoorloofde oorzaak............................................................................57
Begrip: oorzaak..........................................................................................................................................57
Geen of valse oorzaak................................................................................................................................58
Ongeoorloofde oorzaak.............................................................................................................................58
2
,Verbintennisenrecht 2023-2024, 1e semester
VUB
Bewijslast inzake oorzaak/ Oorzaak rechtsvergelijkend onder druk.........................................................59
Abstracte verbintenissen...........................................................................................................................59
Benadeling...................................................................................................................................60
In principe geen controle op gelijkwaardigheid van prestaties................................................................60
Wettelijke uitzonderingen.........................................................................................................................61
Strijdigheid met de openbare orde of een rechtregel van dwingend recht.................................61
Pro memorie: openbare orde en regels van dwingend recht...................................................................61
Toetsing van de geoorloofdheid................................................................................................................61
Toepassing: onrechtmatige bedingen in consumentenovereenkomsten (b2c)........................................62
Toepassing: onrechtmatige bedingen in ondernemingscontracten (b2b)................................................63
Toepassing: gemeenrechtelijk verbod op onrechtmatige bedingen (art. 5.52 BW).................................63
Sanctie voor geldigheidsgebrek bij sluiten contract: nietigverklaring..........................................64
Nietigverklaring..........................................................................................................................................64
In werking stellen van de nietigheid..........................................................................................................64
Nietigheid voor de rechter.........................................................................................................................65
Verweermiddelen ten aanzien van nietigverklaring..................................................................................65
Reikwijdte van de nietigverklaring: volledig of gedeeltelijk......................................................................66
Gevolgen van de nietigverklaring..............................................................................................................67
Restitutie na nietigverklaring.....................................................................................................................67
Andere gevolgen van de nietigverklaring..................................................................................................68
Andere verwante rechtsfiguren.................................................................................................................68
Sanctie voor geldigheidsgebrek na sluiten contract: verval.........................................................69
Verval wegens verdwijnen van voorwerp.................................................................................................69
Toepassingsvereisten verval......................................................................................................................69
Gevolgen verval.........................................................................................................................................69
Gevolgen verval voor rest van overeenkomst...........................................................................................70
LES 4............................................................................................................................................71
Vertegenwoordiging.....................................................................................................................71
Vertegenwoordiging..................................................................................................................................71
Vertegenwoordigingsbevoegdheid...........................................................................................................71
Onmiddellijke vertegenwoordiging...........................................................................................................72
Middellijke vertegenwoordiging................................................................................................................73
Schijnvertegenwoordiging.........................................................................................................................74
Belangenconflict........................................................................................................................................75
Verbindende kracht van de overeenkomst..................................................................................75
Verbindende kracht...................................................................................................................................75
Verbintenissen en niet verbintenisrechtelijke afspraken.............................................................75
Verbintenis en niet verbintenisrechtelijke afspraken...............................................................................75
Interpretatie van de overeenkomst.............................................................................................76
Begrip.........................................................................................................................................................76
Verschillende benaderingen......................................................................................................................76
Basisregel interpretatie: gemeenschappelijke bedoeling.........................................................................76
Terugvalregel: interpretatie op basis van goede trouw?..........................................................................77
Interpretatierichtlijnen van de wetgever..................................................................................................78
Subsidiaire interpretatieregels..................................................................................................................79
Interpretatieregels in bijzondere wetgeving.............................................................................................79
Contractuele interpretatieregels...............................................................................................................79
3
, Verbintennisenrecht 2023-2024, 1e semester
VUB
Interpretatievrijheid van de rechter en grenzen.......................................................................................80
Kwalificatie van een overeenkomst..............................................................................................80
Kwalificatie.................................................................................................................................................80
Kwalificatie van gemengde contracten.....................................................................................................81
Aanvulling.....................................................................................................................................82
Aanvulling..................................................................................................................................................82
Aanvulling op grond van de wet................................................................................................................82
Aanvulling op grond van de gebruiken......................................................................................................83
Aanvulling op grond van de goede trouw.................................................................................................83
Contractualisering......................................................................................................................................84
Matigende of beperkende werking van de goede trouw.............................................................84
Zelfde test als bij verbod van rechtsmisbruik............................................................................................84
LES 5............................................................................................................................................86
Intuitu personae...........................................................................................................................86
Begrip: verbintenis intuitu personae.........................................................................................................86
Specifieke regels voor intuitu personae verbintenissen...........................................................................86
Opeisbaarheid: opschortende voorwaarde en termijn................................................................87
Begrippen...................................................................................................................................................87
Opschortende voorwaarde........................................................................................................................89
Gevolgen van opschortende voorwaarde.................................................................................................90
Opschortende termijn of tijdsbepaling......................................................................................................92
Gevolgen van opschortende termijn of tijdsbepaling...............................................................................92
Duur van contractuele verbintenissen.........................................................................................93
Overzicht....................................................................................................................................................93
Bepaalde duur............................................................................................................................................93
Onbepaalde duur.......................................................................................................................................94
Verlenging of vernieuwing van het contract.............................................................................................94
Bijzondere wetgeving................................................................................................................................95
Wederzijdse of minnelijke beëindiging........................................................................................96
Wederzijdse beëindiging...........................................................................................................................96
Eenzijdige opzegging....................................................................................................................96
Begrip en grondslag...................................................................................................................................96
Opzegging vereist wilsuiting......................................................................................................................97
Gevolgen van de opzegging: naleving opzeggingstermijn.........................................................................97
Gevolgen van de opzegging.......................................................................................................................97
Contractualisering: opzeggingsbedingen..................................................................................................98
Ontbindende voorwaarde............................................................................................................98
Begrip en kenmerken.................................................................................................................................98
Gevolgen van ontbindende voorwaarde...................................................................................................99
Goederenrechtelijke gevolgen...................................................................................................100
Consensueel en monistisch stelsel..........................................................................................................100
Uitzonderingen op consensueel stelsel...................................................................................................101
Causaal stelsel..........................................................................................................................................101
Gevolgen en uitwerking van contracten ten aanzien van derden..............................................101
Partij versus derde...................................................................................................................................101
Twee beginselen: relativiteit en tegenwerpelijkheid..............................................................................102
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