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PERSOONLIJKHEIDSPSYCHOLOGIEInhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING......................................................................................................................5
DEFINITIE...........................................................................................................................................5
TERMINOLOGIE....................................................................................................................................7
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSPSYCHOLOGIE..............................................................................................................7
DRIE ANALYSENIVEAUS..........................................................................................................................7
SOORTEN ONDERZOEK...........................................................................................................................8
THEORIE VERSUS ONDERZOEK.................................................................................................................8
HOOFDSTUK 2: DISPOSITIONELE THEORIEËN...............................................................................................9
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSTREKKEN...................................................................................................................9
VERSCHILLENDE VISIES OVER DE DEFINITIE VAN TREKKEN..............................................................................10
IDENTIFICEREN VAN TREKKEN................................................................................................................10
EVOLUTIE VAN TREKTHEORIEËN..............................................................................................................11
FIVE-FACTOR MODEL..........................................................................................................................12
EMPIRISCHE ONDERSTEUNING...............................................................................................................15
DE VIJFDE FACTOR..............................................................................................................................15
IS DE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL VOLLEDIG?...................................................................................................15
EVALUATIE VAN HET FIVE-FACTOR MODEL...............................................................................................16
FIVE-FACTOR THEORY.........................................................................................................................16
HOOFDSTUK 3: BIOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN.................................................................................................18
HANS EYSENCK (1916-1998)..............................................................................................................18
BIOLOGISCHE BASIS: INTROVERT VERSUS EXTRAVERT...................................................................................18
BIOLOGISCHE BASIS: NEUROTISCH VERSUS EMOTIONEEL STABIEL (???)............................................................19
JEFFREY GRAY (1934-2004)................................................................................................................19
GRAY VERSUS EYSENCK........................................................................................................................20
ROBERT CLONINGER (1944-HEDEN) (???)..............................................................................................20
NEUROTRANSMITTERS EN PERSOONLIJKHEID.............................................................................................20
TEMPERAMENTDIMENSIES (???)...........................................................................................................21
BIOLOGISCH MODEL VAN CLONINGER (???).............................................................................................21
KRITIEK BIOLOGISCH MODEL VAN CLONINGER...........................................................................................21
EMPIRISCHE EVIDENTIE (???)................................................................................................................21
HOOFDSTUK 4: PSYCHODYNAMISCHE THEORIEËN.......................................................................................22
KLASSIEKE PSYCHOANALYSE...................................................................................................................22
PSYCHISCHE ENERGIE EN DRIFTEN...........................................................................................................22
TOPOGRAFIE VAN DE MENSELIJKE GEEST..................................................................................................23
PSYCHISCH DETERMINISME...................................................................................................................24
STRUCTUUR VAN DE PERSOONLIJKHEID....................................................................................................24
A) ID/ES.........................................................................................................................................24
B) EGO/ICH....................................................................................................................................24
C) SUPEREGO/UBERICH..................................................................................................................24
TOPOGRAFISCH + STRUCTUREEL MODEL...................................................................................................25
DYNAMIEK VAN DE PERSOONLIJKHEID.....................................................................................................25
SOORTEN ANGST (DOOR DE TEGENSTRIJDIGE EISEN ID/SUPEREGO).................................................................25
AFWEERMECHANISMEN.......................................................................................................................26
PSYCHOSEKSUELE ONTWIKKELING...........................................................................................................26
PSYCHOANALYTISCHE THERAPIE..............................................................................................................27
VRIJE ASSOCIATIE...............................................................................................................................27
DROMEN.........................................................................................................................................27
PROJECTIEVE TECHNIEKEN....................................................................................................................27
,HET PSYCHOANALYTISCHE PROCES..........................................................................................................28
EVALUATIE VAN DE PSYCHOANALYSE........................................................................................................28
NEO-ANALYTISCHE BEWEGING...............................................................................................................28
EGOPSYCHOLOGIE...............................................................................................................................29
ERIK ERIKSON (1902-1994)................................................................................................................29
KAREN HORNEY (1885-1952).............................................................................................................29
OBJECTRELATIETHEORIE.......................................................................................................................29
MARY AINSWORTH (1913-1999).........................................................................................................29
HECHTING IN VOLWASSEN RELATIES........................................................................................................30
HOOFDSTUK 5: HUMANISME EN SOCIAAL-COGNITIVITISTISCHE THEORIEËN......................................................32
HUMANISME.....................................................................................................................................32
INLEIDING........................................................................................................................................33
ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908-1970).......................................................................................................33
ZELFONTPLOOIING/ZELFACTUALISATIE......................................................................................................33
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)................................................................................................................33
CLIËNTGERICHTE PSYCHOTHERAPIE..........................................................................................................34
SOCIAAL-COGNITIVISTISCHE THEORIËN.....................................................................................................34
A) PERSOONLIJKE CONSTRUCTTHEORIE....................................................................................................34
POSTMODERNISME.............................................................................................................................34
PERSOONLIJKE CONSTRUCTEN................................................................................................................34
FUNDAMENTEEL POSTULAAT.................................................................................................................35
11 IMPLICATIES (COROLLARIES).............................................................................................................35
B) SOCIAAL-COGNITIVISTISCHE LEERTHEORIE.............................................................................................35
ALBERT BANDURA (1925-…): WEDERZIJDS DETERMINISME TUSSEN …...........................................................36
JULIAN ROTTER (1916-2014): EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORY & LOCUS OF CONTROL...........................................36
WALTER MISCHEL (1930-2018): CAPS.................................................................................................37
HOOFDSTUK 6: ASSESSMENT VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID...................................................................................38
INFORMATIEBRONNEN MET BETREKKING TOT PERSOONLIJKHEID.....................................................................38
ZELFRAPPORTAGE (S-DATA)..................................................................................................................38
A) ONGESTRUCTUREERDE PH-TESTS.......................................................................................................38
B) GESTRUCTUREERDE PH-TESTS...........................................................................................................39
C) EXPERIENCE SAMPLING....................................................................................................................39
BEPERKINGEN VAN ZELFRAPPORTAGE......................................................................................................40
OBSERVATIEGEGEVENS (O-DATA)...........................................................................................................40
TESTGEGEVENS (T-DATA)......................................................................................................................40
BEPERKINGEN VAN TESTGEGEVENS.........................................................................................................41
A) MECHANISCHE OPNAMEAPPARATUUR.................................................................................................41
B) FYSIOLOGISCHE DATA.......................................................................................................................41
C) PROJECTIEVE TESTS.........................................................................................................................41
ANAMNETISCHE INFORMATIE (L-DATA)....................................................................................................41
COMBINEREN VAN SOORTEN DATA..........................................................................................................42
EVALUATIE VAN MEETINSTRUMENTEN......................................................................................................42
ONTWIKKELING VAN MEETINSTRUMENTEN...............................................................................................42
ONDERZOEKSDESIGN IN PERSOONLIJKHEIDSPSYCHOLOGIE.............................................................................43
A) EXPERIMENT.................................................................................................................................43
B) CORRELATIONEEL ONDERZOEK...........................................................................................................43
C) GEVALSSTUDIE...............................................................................................................................43
METHODOLOGISCHE KWESTIES..............................................................................................................44
A) ONZORGVULDIGHEID.......................................................................................................................44
B) CENTRALE ANTWOORDTENDENTIE......................................................................................................44
C) FAKING OP VRAGENLIJSTEN...............................................................................................................44
D) BARNUM STATEMENTS.....................................................................................................................45
,HOOFDSTUK 7: CONSISTENTIE EN STABILITEIT VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID..............................................................45
CROSS-SITUATIONELE CONSISTENTIE........................................................................................................45
DRIE VORMEN VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID - SITUATIE INTERACTIE........................................................................46
TEMPORELE STABILITEIT.......................................................................................................................46
BASISBEGRIPPEN................................................................................................................................46
PH-STABILITEIT IN DE BABY-, PEUTER- EN KINDERTIJD EN ADOLESCENTIE..........................................................47
PH STABILITEIT IN DE KINDERTIJD ADHV VFM...........................................................................................49
RANGORDESTABILITEIT ADOLESCENTIE VFM PERSPECTIEF (MCCRAE ET AL. 2002)............................................50
BESLUIT: (RANGORDE) STABILITEIT TIJDENS DE KINDERTIJD...........................................................................51
PH-STABILITEIT IN DE VOLWASSENHEID....................................................................................................51
ABSOLUTE VERANDERING IN DE VOLWASSENHEID.......................................................................................53
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSVERANDERING NA THERAPIE?.......................................................................................53
PH-COHERENTIE................................................................................................................................54
HOOFDSTUK 8: GEDRAGSGENETICA........................................................................................................54
HET MENSELIJKE GENOOM....................................................................................................................55
CONTROVERSE OVER GENEN EN PERSOONLIJKHEID.....................................................................................55
DOEL VAN GEDRAGSGENETICA...............................................................................................................56
WAT IS ERFELIJKHEID...........................................................................................................................56
MISVATTINGEN OVER ERFELIJKHEID.........................................................................................................56
NATURE – NURTURE...........................................................................................................................57
GEDRAGSGENETISCH ONDERZOEK...........................................................................................................57
A) SELECTIEF KWEKEN.........................................................................................................................57
B) FAMILIEONDERZOEK........................................................................................................................57
C) TWEELINGENENONDERZOEK..............................................................................................................58
D) ADOPTIEONDERZOEK.......................................................................................................................59
ONDERZOEKSBEVINDINGEN..................................................................................................................59
GEDEELDE VERSUS NIET-GEDEELDE OMGEVING..........................................................................................60
GENEN EN OMGEVING.........................................................................................................................61
HOOFDSTUK 9: IDENTITEIT, ZELFCONCEPT EN COPING.................................................................................62
DRIE COMPONENTEN VAN HET ZELF........................................................................................................62
1) ZELFCONCEPT................................................................................................................................63
ONTWIKKELING VAN HET ZELFCONCEPT....................................................................................................63
ZELFSCHEMA’S...................................................................................................................................63
MOGELIJKE ZELVEN.............................................................................................................................63
ZELFDISCREPANTIETHEORIE (TORY HIGGINS).............................................................................................64
2) EIGENWAARDE (SELF-ESTEEM)...........................................................................................................64
ZELFEVALUATIE..................................................................................................................................64
ONDERZOEK OVER EIGENWAARDE..........................................................................................................65
3) SOCIALE IDENTITEIT........................................................................................................................65
ONTWIKKELING.................................................................................................................................66
IDENTITEITSCRISISSEN..........................................................................................................................66
WAT IS COPING?................................................................................................................................66
COPING VERSUS PERSOONLIJKHEID.........................................................................................................67
MAAR............................................................................................................................................68
HOOFDSTUK 10: PERSOONLIJKHEID EN RELATIES........................................................................................69
PERSOONLIJKHEID EN PARTNERSELECTIE...................................................................................................69
PERSOONLIJKHEID EN RELATIETEVREDENHEID............................................................................................71
PERSOONLIJKHEID EN VRIENDSCHAP.......................................................................................................73
HOOFDSTUK 11: PERSOONLIJKHEID EN SCHOOL.........................................................................................75
VIJF FACTOREN MODEL EN SCHOOLSE PRESTATIES.......................................................................................76
BEPERKINGEN VAN HET VIJF FACTOREN MODEL........................................................................................77
SOCIALE COGNITIE..............................................................................................................................77
, MOTIVATIONELE PROCESSEN.................................................................................................................78
CONCLUSIE.......................................................................................................................................79
HOOFDSTUK 12: PERSOONLIJKHEID EN WERK............................................................................................79
WERKPRESTATIES...............................................................................................................................80
VIJF FACTOREN MODEL.......................................................................................................................80
CORE SELF-EVALUATIONS......................................................................................................................81
CONTEXTUELE PRESTATIE (= CITIZENSHIP PERFORMANCE).............................................................................81
CONTRAPRODUCTIEF GEDRAG...............................................................................................................82
LEIDERSCHAP....................................................................................................................................82
DARK SIDE VAN PERSOONLIJKHEID..........................................................................................................83
PSYCHOPATHISCHE TREKKEN OP DE WERKVLOER...........................................................................83
PERSOONLIJKHEID-MEETINSTRUMENTEN IN A&O......................................................................................84
HOOFDSTUK 12: PERSOONLIJKHEID EN MENTAAL WELBEVINDEN....................................................................85
1. EMOTIES......................................................................................................................................86
DRIE COMPONENTEN..........................................................................................................................86
STATE VERSUS TRAIT...........................................................................................................................86
CATEGORIAAL VERSUS DIMENSIONAAL.....................................................................................................86
2. GELUK.........................................................................................................................................87
WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK NAAR GELUK..........................................................................................87
SOCIALE WENSELIJKHEID (FORDYCE – 1978)............................................................................................88
WELKE POSITIEVE EFFECTEN HEEFT GELUK?...............................................................................................88
WIE IS GELUKKIGER?...........................................................................................................................88
3. NEUROTICISME..............................................................................................................................89
BIOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN.....................................................................................................................89
COGNITIEVE THEORIEËN.......................................................................................................................89
4. AFFECTIEVE INTENSITEIT (AI)............................................................................................................90
ONDERZOEKSBEVINDINGEN: DAGBOEKSTUDIE (LARSEN & DIENER)................................................................90
5. EMOTIONEEL WELBEVINDEN..............................................................................................................90
HOE BEÏNVLOEDT DE INTERACTIE TUSSEN PERSOONLIJKHEID EN EMOTIES ONS SUBJECTIEF WELBEVINDEN?...............90
HOOFDSTUK 13: PERSOONLIJKHEID EN LICHAMELIJKE GEZONDHEID................................................................92
1. THEORETISCHE MODELLEN................................................................................................................92
INTERACTIONEEL MODEL......................................................................................................................92
TRANSACTIONEEL MODEL.....................................................................................................................93
PREDISPOSITIEMODEL..........................................................................................................................93
SPECTRUMMODEL..............................................................................................................................93
ZIEKTEGEDRAGMODEL.........................................................................................................................94
2. STRESS.........................................................................................................................................94
SOORTEN STRESSOREN........................................................................................................................95
SOORTEN STRESS................................................................................................................................95
PRIMAIRE EN SECUNDAIRE BEOORDELING.................................................................................................95
3. COPING........................................................................................................................................95
ATTRIBUTIESTIJL.................................................................................................................................95
OPTIMISME......................................................................................................................................96
EMOTIEREGULATIE..............................................................................................................................96
DISCLOSURE......................................................................................................................................97
4. TYPE A PERSOONLIJKHEID.................................................................................................................97
GEZONDHEID....................................................................................................................................97
TYPE A............................................................................................................................................97
HOOFDSTUK 15: PERSOONLIJKHEIDSSTOORNISSEN.....................................................................................99
DSM-5...........................................................................................................................................99
DRIE SECTIES.....................................................................................................................................99
ALGEMENE CRITERIA PERSOONLIJKHEIDSSTOORNIS VOLGENS DSM-5............................................................100
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