ZOOL 2403 Lecture Exam 2- Dr. Boros TTU fully solved & updated

Root is to ____ as ganglion is to ___ - answer-axons; cell bodies ventral is to ____ as dorsal is to _____ - answer-motor; sensory white matter is to ____ as gray matter is to ____ - answer-axons; cell bodies Spinal Meninges (three layers) - answer-dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Spinal Meninges functions - answer-protect spinal cord and provide it with oxygen and nurtrients where is CSF - answer-in subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater) CSF provides spinal cord with: - answer-physical and chemical protection As you go down the spinal cord, the ____ white matter - answer-less conus medullaris - answer-caudal end of spinal cord; CNS cauda equina - answer-spinal nerves inferior to conus medullaris; only contains axons; PNS divisions of spinal cord (CNS) - answer-gray matter and white matter Gray Matter - answer-composed of neuron cell bodies dorsal gray matter - answer-cell bodies of sensory neurons receive and sum signals from PNS sensory neurons ventral gray matter - answer-cell bodies of motor neurons receive and sum signals from brain motor neurons white matter - answer-contains ascending and descending fiber (AXON) pathways ascending pathways - answer-relays sensory info from spinal cord to brain descending pathways - answer-relays motor info from brain to spinal cord spinal nerve divisions - answer-dorsal root and ventral root dorsal root - answer-contains axons cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion carry sensory info from peripheral receptors to spinal cord ventral root - answer-contains axons cell bodies are in spinal cord carry motor info from spinal cord to muscles spinal nerves travel through ____ - answer-intervertebral foramen spinal nerves are surrounded by ____ - answer-connective tissue wrappings epineurium - answer-outermost layer; surrounds entire spinal nerve; dense irregular CT perineurium - answer-wraps axons into fasicles; dense irregular CT endoneurium - answer-surround Shwann cell; loose CT lesion of spinal nerve= ____ nerves affected - answer-sensory and motor lesion of dorsal root=___ axons affected - answer-sensory lesion of ventral root= ___ axons affected - answer-motor intercostal nerves innervate: - answer-muscles of trunk skin of trunk spinal nerve plexus innervates - answer-muscles of neck and limbs skin of neck and limbs cervical plexus innervates - answer-muscles and skin of neck brachial plexus innervates - answer-muscles and skin of pectoral girdle and upper limbs lumbrosacral plexus innervates - answer-muscles and skin of pelvic girdle and lower limbs musculocutaneous nerve innervation - answer-muscles of all anterior forearm--flexor skin of anterior forearm median nerve innervates - answer-most muscles of anterior forearm--flexor skin of hand ulnar nerve innervates - answer-most muscles of hand skin of hand radial nerve innervates - answer-all muscles of posterior arm and forearm--extensor skin of posterior hand, arm and forearm axillary nerve innervates - answer-muscles of shoulder skin of shoulder femoral nerve innervates - answer-muscle of anterior thigh skin of anterior thigh obturator nerve innervates - answer-muscles of medial thigh skin of medial thigh sciatic nerve innervates - answer-muscles of posterior thigh, all leg and foot skin of posterior thigh, all leg and foot sciatic nerve branches into: - answer-tibial and fibular nerves CNS composed of - answer-brain and spinal cord interprets sensory info from PNS sends motor response to PNS - answer-CNS deliver sensory info from receptors in skin and muscles to CNS deliver motor commands from CNS to muscles - answer-PNS somatomotor nervous system - answer-control skeletal muscle contractions autonomic nervous system - answer-influence smooth and cardiac muscle contractions sympathetic division of ANS - answer-stimulates the body; "fight or flight" parasympathetic division of ANS - answer-relaxes body; "rest and digest" Neurons - answer-communicate with and send signals to other neurons or muscles in the body Neurglia cells - answer-support the neuron; essential for survival and functioning of neruons Components of typical neuron (4) - answer-cell body, dendrites, axon, synaptic terminals cell body - answer-recieves and sums incoming signals from other neurons dendrites - answer-receives incoming signals from other neurons carries outgoing signals to other neurons or muscles - answer-axon synaptic terminals - answer-ends of an axon; transfer signals to other cells action potential - answer-electrical signal that travels along axon; signal is transferred between two cells at synapse synapse - answer-site of contact between a neuron's terminals and another cell neuron/neuron junction - answer-synapse between two neurons neuromuscular junction - answer-synapse between neuron and muscle fiber; where motor neurons of nervous system instruct muscle cells to take action 3 neuron cell types - answer-sensory, motor, interneurons sensory neurons - answer-neurons to deliver and interpret sensory info motor neurons - answer-neurons to deliver motor commands interneurons - answer-neurons between other neurons; integrate info; process and coordinate higher functions Schwann cells - answer-surrounds axons in PNS responsible for myelination of peripheral axons participate in repair process after injury PNS Oligodendrocytes - answer-myelinate CNS axons provide structural framework CNS Astrocytes - answer-maintain blood-brain barrier provide structural support regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations form scar tissue after injury CNS remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens CNS - answer-Microglia Myelin - answer-composed of lipids insulates axons increases speed of action potentials what myelinates axons in the PNS? - answer-Schwann cells what myelinates axons in CNS? - answer-Oligodendrocytes 1 schwann cell myelinates __ segment(s) of ___ axon(s) - answer-1,1 1 oligodendrocyte myelinates __axon segment(s), but ___ axons - answer-1, many frontalis - answer-raises eyebrows buccinator - answer-tightens cheeks orbicularis oris - answer-pucker lips zygomaticus - answer-smile levator labii superioris - answer-raises lip depressor labii - answer-lowers lip orbicularis oculi - answer-closes eye temporalis and masseter - answer-mandible elevators -glossus refers to muscles of ___ - answer-tounge extrinsic eye muscles - answer-moves eye muscles of pharynx and larynx - answer-elevate larynx; depresses pharynx suprahyoid muscles - answer-elevate hyoid bone depress mandible infrahyoid muscles - answer-depress hyoid bone elevate larynx and pharynx sternocleidomastoid - answer-head extensor/rotator posterior neck muscles - answer-head/neck extensors muscles of vertebral column are also called ____ - answer-erector spinae function of erector spinae - answer-extend the trunk 2 intercostal muscles - answer-maintain distance between ribs 2 oblique muscles - answer-rotate trunk transverse abdominis - answer-flattens abdomen rectus abdominis - answer-flexes trunk rectus abdominis and erector spinae work ____ each other - answer-against primary muscle of respiration - answer-diaphragm two muscles of pelvic floor: - answer-urethral sphincter anal sphincter anal sphincter function - answer-control defacation urethral sphincter function - answer-control urination muscles that cross the sternoclavicular joint move ___ - answer-shoulder muscles that cross the shoulder joint move ___ - answer-arm muscles that cross elbow joint move ____ - answer-forearm muscles that cross wrist joints move ____ - answer-hand muscles that cross the joints of the digits move ___ - answer-fingers serratus anterior - answer-shoulder protractor trapezius - answer-shoulder elevator, depressor, and retractor levator scapulae - answer-elevates scapula rhomboid major/minor - answer-shoulder adduction; downward rotation deltoid - answer-shoulder abduction pectoralis major - answer-arm medial rotation; horizontal adduction latissimus dorsi - answer-arm extensor; medial rotator subscapularis - answer-medial rotation of shoulder 4 muscles of rotator cuff - answer-supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis rotator cuff function - answer-rotates shoulder and stabilizes it coracobracialis - answer-arm and forearm flexors biceps brachii - answer-elbow flexor and shoulder flexor brachialis - answer-elbow flexor triceps brachii - answer-arm and forearm extensor pronator teres - answer-pronation brachioradialis - answer-elbow flexion flexor carpi muscles - answer-wrist flexion and adduction flexor pollicus muscles, flexor digitorum muscles - answer-finger and thumb flexors extensor pollicus muscles, extensor digitorum muscles - answer-finger and thumb extensors extensor carpi muscles - answer-wrist extension supinator - answer-supination piriformis - answer-hip lateral rotation gluteal muscles - answer-hip extensors and abductors muscles of pelvis and medial thigh - answer-hip flexor and adductors muscles of posterior thigh also called ___ - answer-hamstrings hamstrings function - answer-hip extensors and knee flexors quadriceps - answer-only muscle that extends the knee sartorius - answer-knee flexor muscles of anterior leg (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus) - answer-toe and foot extensors muscles of lateral leg (fibularis longus, fibularis brevis) - answer-foot flexors gastrocnemius, soleus - answer-foot flexors flexor digitorum muscles; flexor hallucis muscles - answer-toe flexors dorsal foot muscles - answer-toe extensors plantar foot muscles - answer-toe flexors 3 cranial meninges names and function - answer-dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater protects brain from trauma; protects blood vessels what surrounds entire CNS in the subarachnoid space? - answer-Cerebrospinal fluid what does CSF in the brain do? - answer-cushions brain provides nutrients to brain removes waste from brain fluid-filled chambers in the brain - answer-ventricles function of ventricles of the brain - answer-synthesize and secrete CSF largest part of CNS - answer-cerebrum what does cerebrum control? - answer-conscious thoughts and behaviors higher mental functions (intelligence, memory, learning, emotions) gray matter of cerebrum is composed of ___ - answer-neuron cell bodies where is gray matter found in the brain? - answer-outer surface of brain---cerebral cortex in brain, white matter is composed of ___ - answer-myelinated axons separates cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres - answer-longitudinal fissure frontal lobe - answer-somatomotor parietal lobe - answer-somatosensory temporal lobe - answer-audition occipital lobe - answer-vision what do gyri and sulci do? - answer-increase surface area of each hemisphere gyrus is to ____ as sulcus is to ____ - answer-bulge; crevice separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe - answer-lateral sulcus separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe - answer-central sulcus primary somatomotor region - answer-precentral gyrus; simple movements primary somatosensory region - answer-postcentral gyrus; basic sensations precentral gyrus is ___ to central sulcus - answer-anterior postcentral gyrus is ___ to central sulcus - answer-posterior indication of the degree of fine motor control for different regions of the body is represented by ___ - answer-motor homunculus representation of human body of the primary sensory cortex; not proportional to the size of the body region, but number of sensory receptors is represented by ____ - answer-sensory homunculus basic info from visual receptors in occipital lobe - answer-primary visual cortex basic info from auditory receptors in temporal lobe - answer-primary auditory cortex basic info from olfactory receptors in temporal lobe - answer-primary olfactory cortex the rest of the cerebral cortex; "higher order info" - answer-association cortex interprets sensory info - answer-sensory association cortex plans, coordinates complex motor info - answer-motor association cortex sensory region for understanding speech being spoken to you - answer-wernicke's area; parietal/occipital lobe motor region for speaking - answer-broca's area; frontal lobe important for associations between actions and their consequences - answer-prefrontal cortex axons that connect neuron cell bodies between cerebral cortex and spinal cord - answer-internal capsule part of cerebral white matter axons that connect neuron cell bodies within 1 hemisphere - answer-association fibers part of cerebral white matter axons that connect neuron cell bodies between the hemispheres - answer-corpus callosum each cerebral hemisphere receives ____ info from and sends ____ info to ______ sides of the body - answer-sensory; motor; opposite left hemisphere is responsible for: - answer-speech and writing right hemisphere is responsible for: - answer-manipulative tasks ____ informs one side of the brain what the other is doint - answer-corpus callosum which hemisphere is dominant in most people? why? - answer-left hemisphere; most people are right handed surrounds corpus callosum; associated with emotions and memory - answer-limbic system "gateway to the brain" - answer-thalamus what does the thalamus do? - answer-processes sensory info from spinal cord and sends it to cerebral cortex what does the hypothalamus do as nervous tissue? - answer-controls ANS what does the hypothalamus do as an integrator between nervous and endocrine systems - answer-secretes regulatory hormones what does the hypothalamus do as an endocrine organ? - answer-secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin major endocrine gland - answer-pituitary gland--hormone producer what connects nervous and endocrine systems and is connected to the hypothalamus? - answer-pituitary gland cell bodies embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum - answer-basal ganglia what is involved with planning movements before they occur? - answer-basal ganglia basal ganglia is involved with what disease? - answer-Parkingson's disease "little cerebrum" - answer-cerebellum what is involved with coordination and balance of movements as they occur? - answer-cerebellum where is the brain stem located? - answer-between spinal cord and cerebrum what are the three components of the brain stem? - answer-midbrain, pons, medulla this carries info between spinal cord and cerebral cortex - answer-brain stem how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer-12 what do cranial nerves do? - answer-control most basic functions (breathing, heart rate, digestion)