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Samenvatting Mediarecht
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MediarechtElke Cloots
Inhoudsopgave:
1. MEDIARECHT, VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING EN MEDIAVRIJHEID............................................................3
1.1. WAT IS MEDIARECHT?......................................................................................................................................3
1.1.1. 3 redenen voor de complexiteit van mediarecht...................................................................................4
1.2. VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING...........................................................................................................................4
1.2.1. Bronnen.................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2. Grondslagen..........................................................................................................................................5
1.2.3. Toepassingsgebied................................................................................................................................6
2. BEPERKING OP DE VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING.....................................................................................7
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, 2.1. GRENZEN AAN DE VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING...................................................................................................7
2.2. TWEE BEPERKINGSSYSTEMEN..............................................................................................................................7
2.3. EVRM: INHOUDELIJK BEPERKINGSSYSTEEM...........................................................................................................8
2.4. GRONDWET: FORMEEL BEPERKINGSSYSTEEM.........................................................................................................9
2.4.1. Wat is een drukpersmisdrijf?...............................................................................................................11
3. VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING VS PRIVACY.............................................................................................12
3.1. GRENZEN AAN DE VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING.................................................................................................12
3.2. WAT VALT ONDER “PRIVÉLEVEN”?....................................................................................................................12
3.2.1. Verplichtingen voor overheid..............................................................................................................13
3.3. EVRM: INHOUDELIJK BEPERKINGSSYSTEEM.........................................................................................................13
3.3.1. Proportionaliteitstoets........................................................................................................................13
3.4. AFWEGING VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING VS PRIVACY.........................................................................................13
3.5. MARGE VAN APPRECIATIE................................................................................................................................14
3.6. DE 6 CRITERIA IN DETAIL.................................................................................................................................14
3.6.1. Draagt de publicatie bij tot een debat van maatschappelijk belang?................................................14
3.6.2. Hoe bekend is de persoon waarover de publicatie gaat en wat is het onderwerp?...........................14
3.6.3. Hoe heeft die persoon zich in het verleden gedragen tov media?......................................................14
3.6.4. Hoe werd de gepubliceerde info verkregen en hoe waar is het?........................................................15
3.6.5. Wat zijn de inhoud, vorm en de gevolgen van publicatie...................................................................16
3.6.6. Hoe zwaar is de sanctie die werd opgelegd?......................................................................................16
4. VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING VS GELIJKHEID........................................................................................16
4.1. WAT IS ‘HATE SPEECH’?..................................................................................................................................16
4.1.1. Impact – US.........................................................................................................................................16
4.1.2. Impact – EVRM....................................................................................................................................17
4.1.3. Impact – België....................................................................................................................................18
4.1.4. Opzet - België......................................................................................................................................19
4.1.5. Opzet – EVRM......................................................................................................................................20
4.1.6. EVRM – criteria....................................................................................................................................20
5. VRIJHEID VAN MENINGSUITING VS KINDERRECHTEN................................................................................21
5.1. ALGEMEEN...................................................................................................................................................21
5.1.1. Strafwetboek.......................................................................................................................................21
5.1.2. Strafwetboek – cyberpesten................................................................................................................22
5.1.3. Strafwetboek sexting...........................................................................................................................23
5.1.4. Wet filmkeuring (1920).......................................................................................................................24
5.1.5. Vlaams mediadecreet..........................................................................................................................25
5.1.6. Mediadecreet – programma’s.............................................................................................................26
5.1.7. Mediadecreet – commerciële communicatie......................................................................................26
5.1.8. AVG en Gegevensbescherming............................................................................................................27
6. OVERHEIDSREGULERING VAN AUDIOVISUELE MEDIA IN VLAANDEREN.....................................................28
6.1. ALGEMEEN...................................................................................................................................................28
6.1.1. Rechtvaardiging..................................................................................................................................28
6.1.2. Bronnen...............................................................................................................................................31
6.2. MEDIADECREET.............................................................................................................................................32
6.2.1. Mediadecreet – definities....................................................................................................................32
6.2.2. Mediadecreet – Statuut VRT...............................................................................................................33
6.2.3. Mediadecreet – onpartijdige berichtgeving........................................................................................34
6.2.4. Mediadecreet – commerciële communicatie (CC)...............................................................................35
6.2.5. Mediadecreet – recht van antwoord...................................................................................................37
6.2.6. Mediadecreet – radio..........................................................................................................................37
6.2.7. Mediadecreet – relatie OO en DV........................................................................................................38
6.2.8. Mediadecreet - toezicht......................................................................................................................39
7. ZELFREGULERING EN DEONTOLOGIE......................................................................................................... 39
2
, 7.1. OVERHEIDSREGULERING VS ZELFREGULERING......................................................................................................39
7.2. ZELFREGULERING IN VLAANDEREN.....................................................................................................................40
7.3. RAAD VOOR DE JOURNALISTIEK.........................................................................................................................40
7.4. JURY VOOR ETHISCHE PRAKTIJKEN INZAKE RECLAME..............................................................................................41
7.4.1. Internet................................................................................................................................................43
8. AUTEURSRECHTEN EN NABURIGE RECHTEN..............................................................................................43
8.1. GRONDSLAGEN..............................................................................................................................................44
8.2. BRONNEN.................................................................................................................................................... 44
8.3. PRINCIPES BELGISCH AUTERSRECHT....................................................................................................................44
8.3.1. Wat wordt beschermd?.......................................................................................................................44
8.3.2. Wie wordt beschermd?.......................................................................................................................45
8.3.3. Welke rechten worden beschermd?....................................................................................................46
8.3.4. Welke uitzonderingen en beperkingen?..............................................................................................46
9. DE EUROPESE INTERNE MARKT EN DE MEDIA...........................................................................................48
9.1. INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.1.1. Vrije mededinging en concurrentie.....................................................................................................48
9.1.2. Concentraties en ondernemingen.......................................................................................................49
9.1.3. Misbruik van machtspositie................................................................................................................50
9.1.4. Staatssteun..........................................................................................................................................51
9.1.5. Vrijheid van verkeer.............................................................................................................................52
9.1.6. Gegevensbescherming........................................................................................................................52
9.1.7. AVG......................................................................................................................................................53
1. Mediarecht, vrijheid van meningsuiting
en mediavrijheid
1.1.Wat is mediarecht?
Mediarecht
= het geheel van regels en beginselen die van toepassing zijn op het
fenomeen ‘media’ in de ruimste zin van het woord
- Zowel oude als nieuwe media (veranderen doorheen de tijd)
oude media: radio, tv, geschreven pers
3
, 19e eeuw had andere belangrijke media
nieuwe media: sociale media
- Zowel verspreiders als makers van boodschappen
media in de technische zin
= telenet, proximus
brengen content tot bij het publiek
‘content providers’
= makers van de content
wanneer deze 2 aspecten samenvallen spreken we van
convergentie
1.1.1. 3 redenen voor de complexiteit van mediarecht
1) Continu nieuwe uitdagingen, ontwikkelingen en evolutie
vroeger moest je exact op het moment kijken, gemist is gemist
1. Liberalisering van de markt
meer spelers zorgt voor meer concurrentie zorgt voor meer
conflicten
2. Technologische ontwikkeling
je kan nu reclame doorspoelen en gegevens verzamelen
dit zorgt voor minder inkomsten bij commerciële zender
2) Conflicterende belangen
basisprincipe = vrijheid van meningsuiting
dit kan in conflict komen met andere grondrechten
(bv: gelijkheid, privacy, …)
bv: journalist is niet akkoord met #metoo, dan moet je
afwegen hoe je dingen zegt
3) Regels van verschillende overheden
Vlaanderen : mediadecreet
België : bescherming persoonsgegevens, auteursrechten, …
EU : vrije concurrentie, vrijheid van verkeer, bescherming
persoonsgegevens
WHO : auteursrechten
= Wereld Handels Organisatie
1.2.Vrijheid van meningsuiting
Principe
= de totale vrijheid hebben om te zeggen, schrijven, publiceren, … wat je wil
tenzij het uitdrukkelijk verboden is
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