Athabasca CRJS 360 Key Terms and Concepts Exam Review
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Course
CRJS 360
Institution
CRJS 360
Athabasca CRJS 360 Key Terms and
Concepts Exam Review
Intra vs. Inter Individual Differences - answerIntra: Variations in criminal conduct with an
individual between time and situation
Inter: Variation in criminal conduct between indiviuals
Forensic psychology - answerAny application of psycho...
Athabasca CRJS 360 Key Terms and Concepts Exam Revie w Intra vs. Inter Individual Differences - answer✔✔Intra: Variations in criminal conduct with an individual between time and situation Inter: Variation in criminal conduct between indiviuals Forensic psychology - answer✔✔Any application of psychology to the legal system Criminological psychology - answer✔✔Specific psychological study of criminal behaviour otherwis e known as correctional psychology Crime Desistance - answer✔✔Decreased criminal activity Cognitive Social Learning Theory - answer✔✔A learning theory of crime that attends to both social an d cognitive factors as well as behaviour. PIC-R Theory - answer✔✔States that criminal behaviour reflects on "immeidate situational factors" that influence decision to commit crime. Similar to comtemporary criminologcal viewpoints Dynamic risk factors - answer✔✔Risk factors that are not static and can change dependent on criminal behavior Criminogenic factors and needs - answer✔✔Changeable risk factors that, when reduced, result in reduced criminal behaviour, are correlated (Dynamic Risk Factors) Crime rate - answer✔✔Information of police -reported incidents that occur within a given population Crime Severity Index - answer✔✔Measures police -reported crime in Canada taking into account the volume and seriousness of a particular crime Meta -analysis - answer✔✔Combine the results of individual studies and develop one averaged effect size for all the studies combined. dichotomous variable then the AUC is reported Centeral 8 Risk Factors (Big 4 included) - answer✔✔Big 4: History of Antisocial Behaviour, Antisocial P ersonality Pattern, Antisocial Cognition, Antisocial Cogniitons Moderate 4: Family School, Leisure, Substance Abuse Evidence -Based Practice - answer✔✔Research and clinical knowledge that describes correctional assessment, program or supervision strategy that lead to outcomes such as rehabiliation and increased public safet y Causal mechanisms, mediators, and moderators (Unit 2) - answer✔✔Mechanisms: Causes a direct behavior (X causes Y) Can be tested by independent variable but often unethical Mediato rs: Variables that explain connections between X & Y Moderators: Variables that cause the relationship between X & Y Neurotransmitters - answer✔✔Chemical messengers of the brain Monozygotic and dizygotic twins - answer✔✔MZ are identical twins DZ are frat ernal twins Warrior gene - answer✔✔Otherwise known as the MAOA gene, expresses antisocial behavior and aggression/violence Testosterone, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine - answer✔✔Testosterone: develops and maintains primary and secondary characteristics, family of androgens Serotonin: Important role for behavioural inhibition and mood regulation, produced from amino acid tryptophan, malfunction levels lead to impulse and aggression Norepinephrine: Signals reactions to short term stress, high levels correlate to aggression Dopamine: Causes feelings of pleasure but can be artificially made from drugs Presynaptic and post synaptic cells - answer✔✔Pre is the sender and uses axons synaptic terminals to transmit message to the receiver or the postsynaptic cell using dendrites Behavioural activation system (BAS) - answer✔✔Reward -seeking system that responds to incentives/reward s Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) - answer✔✔Avoidance system for stopping behaviors in face of punishment Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes - answer✔✔Frontal: Several higher order functions like reasoning, morals, violence, aggression Parietal: Inte grates sensory info related to movement and space Temporal: Implicated in production of aggression Limbic system - answer✔✔Associated with amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate genus with relation to emotion and those related to it sweating + flight or figh t response Executive functioning - answer✔✔Refers to cognitive functioning involving future goal -oriented behavior, organizational skills found to be associated with frontal lobe Proximate explanations - answer✔✔Identify which factors in someones immediate environment cause certain behaviors also ask how behavior develops overtime Distal (ultimate) explanations - answer✔✔Ask questions about function and adaptation for species Evolutionary psychology - answer✔✔Human mind comes equipped with numerous mechanis ms that have designed and maintained through selection Life-course persistent offenders - answer✔✔Begin committing serious antisocial acts prior to adolesence and continue into adulthood, commit crimes through life Adolescent limited offenders - answer✔✔Engage in mild forms of anti sociality, start at puberty and end in early adulthood, interactions with high risk child and environment, commit crimes only as kids Psychopathy - answer✔✔Caused by combination of manipulation, lying, inability to feel empathy, risk-taking, irresponsibility Polymorphism - answer✔✔Situation where alternative versions of a discrete trait exist naturally Principle of frequency -dependent selection - answer✔✔Phenotypic expression will no longer be adaptive because its success is depen dent on its rarity in comparison to its sister Id, Ego, Supergo (Unit 3) - answer✔✔Id: Pleasure seeking and destructive impulses (Devil) Ego: Mediate between primal needs and society demands Superego: Internalizations of group standards (Angel) Reality Pri nciple and Pleasure Principle - answer✔✔Pleasure: Seeks immediate pleasure with little consideration of consequences Reality: Allows id to function in socially acceptable way Ego-Ideal - answer✔✔Represents socially acceptable standards Deviant Identificat ion - answer✔✔Identifying with a deviant role model Neurotic Criminal - answer✔✔Commits crime due to harsh superego Maternal Deprivation - answer✔✔Young children require consistent and continuous maternal care in order for them to develop normally Cross -Sectional Research - answer✔✔Comparing lives of juvenile delinquents with non -
juyveniles (polar opposites)
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