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Summary

HISTOLOGY SUMMARY

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This summary contains the entire Histology course. It is a perfect mix of what was covered during the lectures with the addition of material taken from the book, in order to further understand the course content.

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  • May 27, 2024
  • 96
  • 2021/2022
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HISTOLOGY



Topic 1: Pre-requisites (cell junctions) 6
Tight junctions 6
Gap junctions 7
Anchoring junctions 7




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Anchoring junctions: Desmosomes 7




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Topic 2: Introduction to Histology 8
Sample preparation 8




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Topic 3: Epithelial tissue introduction & classifications 9
Epithelial tissue: introduction 9




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Epithelial tissue: classifications 9




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Topic 4: Surface Epithelia 10




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Simple squamous epithelium 10
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
gg 10
11
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Stratified epithelium 11
Stratified squamous epithelium 11
Stratified cuboidal epithelium 11
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Pseudostratified epithelium 11
Transitional Epithelium 12
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Tegumentary system 12
Va




Tegumentary system: epidermis cells 13
Tegumentary system: epidermis layers 13
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Topic 5: Glandular epithelium & Exocrine glands 14
Glands: formation 14
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Exocrine glands 14
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Types of secretion: mucous secretion 15
Types of secretion: serous secretion 15
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Glands: morphology 16
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Glands: recognition 16
Topic 6: Endocrine glands 17
Endocrine secretion 17
Hormones 17
Topic 7: The thyroid gland 18




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, Thyroid gland: hormones 18
Thyroid gland: Thyrocytes & hormone synthesis 19
Thyroid hormones: regulation 20
Follicular and parafollicular (C) cells 20
Topic 8: Pituitary gland and its targets 21
Pituitary gland: Adenohypophysis 22
Pituitary gland: Neurohypophysis 22




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Topic 9: Other important endocrine glands 23
Parathyroids 23




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Adrenal glands 23




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Adrenal glands: hormones 24
Pineal gland (epiphysis) 25




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Pancreas: Langerhans islets 25
Leydig cells 25




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Topic 10: Connective tissue 26




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Connective tissue: components 27
ECM: components
Connective tissue: classifications
gg 27
28
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Connective tissue proper 28
Specialized connective tissue 28
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Topic 11: Collagen & Connective tissue 29
Collagen: structure 29
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Collagen: fibers 29
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Collagen: classification 29
Collagen: synthesis 30
Collagen: diseases 31
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Elastic fibers 31
Elastic fibers: structure 31
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Elastic fibers: Elastin & Fibrillin 31
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Elastic fibers: formation 32
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Elastic fibers: disorders 32
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Ground substance 32
Ground substance: Proteoglycans 32
Topic 12: Structural glycoproteins & Connective tissue cells 33
Fibronectin 33
Laminin 34
Connective tissue cells 34




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, Topic 13: Cartilage 36
Cartilage: types 36
Cartilage: Chondrocytes and chondroblasts 37
Cartilage types: Elastic cartilage & Fibrocartilage 37
Topic 14: The bone tissue 38
Hormonal control of calcium 38
Bone tissue: cells 38




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Bone tissue: classification 39
Bone tissue: bone shapes 39




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Periosteum & Endosteum 39




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Bone tissue: ossification 40
Bone tissue: hormonal effects 40




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Osteoclast: bone digestion 41
Matrix mineralization & crystal formation 41




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Intramembranous ossification 43




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Bone conditions: Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis & Paget disease 44
Endochondral ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage zones
gg 45
46
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Bone growth & Remodeling 47
Topic 15: Blood & blood cells 48
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Blood: Functions 48
Blood: components 48
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Complete blood count (CBC) 49
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Hematocrit 49
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 49
Erythrocytes 50
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Erythrocytes: Gas exchange 50
Erythrocytes: Hemoglobin (Hb) 51
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Erythrocytes: Cell membrane 52
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Erythrocytes: Disorders 52
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Sickle cell anemia 53
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Erythrocytes: ABO blood group system 54
Leukocytes (White blood cells) 55
Leukocytes: how do they fight pathogens? 55
Granulocytes 56
Granulocytes: Neutrophils 56
Granulocytes: Eosinophils 57




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, Granulocytes: Basophils 58
Non-granulocytes: Monocytes 58
Non-granulocytes: Lymphocytes 58
Thrombocytes (platelets) 59
Thrombocytes: Coagulation 59
Topic 16: The bone marrow and Hematopoiesis 60
Bone marrow 60




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Stem cell renewal cycle 61
Hematopoiesis: stem cell differentiation 62




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Hematopoietic growth factors (HGF) 63




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Erythropoiesis 63
Erythropoiesis: steps 64




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Granulopoiesis 65
Thrombopoiesis 66




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Lymphopoiesis 66




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Topic 17: The immune system 67
Immune system characteristics
Adaptive immunity cells
gg 67
68
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Natural killer (NK) cells 68
Immune cell collaboration in response to a pathogen. 69
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Memory cells & Antibodies 69
Antibodies 69
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Lymph nodes in relation to disease 71
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MHC (major histocompatibility complex) 71
Allergic reactions 72
Topic 18: The lymphatic tissue 73
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Lymphoid/Lymphatic organs 73
The thymus 73
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T cell maturation 74
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T cell maturation: Positive selection 74
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T cell maturation: negative selection 74
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Lymph nodes 75
The spleen 75
Tonsil 76
MALT 76
Topic 19: The muscle tissue 77
Skeletal muscle 77




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