CHLH 260 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions

CHLH 260 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions Biopsychosocial Factors - answer-Social -Psychological -Biological Moral Reasoning - answerThinking about what is right and wrong Normative Ethics - answerRight and wrong are found in individual's behavior, standards governing the conduct of a person or profession Ethical Relativism - answerNo absolutes, no moral right and wrong -right and wrong are are based on social norms Bioethics - answerA subset of normative ethics, applied and professional ethics -Legal -Business -Journalism -Military -Public Health The Nature of Problems - answer-Wrong vs. Wrong -Right vs. Wrong -Right vs. Right Ethical Dilemma - answer*-Right vs. Right* 4 Paradigms for Ethical Dilemma's- Rushworth Kidder - answer1. Truth vs. Loyalty: conditions, personal, .. 2. Individual vs. Community: needs of one versus needs of many... 3. Short term vs. Long term 4. Justice vs. Mercy: Do we make exceptions? Same to all or show mercy... Ethical Theories - answer-Utilitarianism -Deontological -Natural Law Ethical Basis - answer-Teleological (end): the end determines the rightness; a moral act brings more good effects than bad ones Utilitarianism Theory - answer-end based -look at outcomes -these acts will produce the greatest good -Jeremy Bentham (): greatest good for the greatest amount of people -John Stuart Mill (): The end justifies the means, were the results good? Deontological Theory - answer-duty *-rightness judged by comparison with a *moral* principle or rule* -Immanuel Kant: Knowledge cannot extend beyond science and mathematic *-follow the principle (or rule) that you want everyone else to follow* *-act in such a way that your actions could become the universal standard* -deontological theories: when outcomes can't be controlled, if everyone follows these roles (e.g. everyone should be responsible for their own health) Natural Law Theory - answer-Thomas Aquinas (): things are right when they accord with our nature as human beings, natural law comes from God but can be figured out by mankind *-let nature take its course* Theory of Virtue - answerGregory Pence, Ethical Options in Medicine, 1980: -temperance -compassion -competence -just -honest (looking more at the student rather than the act of cheating) Ethical Principles - answer-Respect for Autonomy -Beneficence -Non-Maleficence -Justice Belmont Report (1978) on Human Subjects Research - answerProtected human beings in research Respect for Autonomy - answer-we are in charge of ourselves *-right to make decisions about one's own life and body without coercion by others* *-respect for one's decisions* -persons are to be autonomous (self-determination) -people with diminished autonomy should be protected -moral rules: informed consent and truth telling Beneficence - answer*-action that is done for the benefit of others* *-physicians have an obligation to help others* (e.g. treating a patient to the best of your ability, providing vaccinations for the general population) Non-Maleficence - answer-"primum non nocere: *do no harm* -physicians must refrain from these acts (e.g. stopping a medication that is shown to be harmful, refusing to provide a treatment that has not been shown to be effective) Justice - answer*-what is fair or deserved?* -what medical "rights" do people have? -equality -treat equals equally: horizontal justice -treats unequals unequally: vertical justice John Rawls - answer*A Theory of Justice: 1971* -highest goal is the equitable of society's resources -veil of ignorance -two principles: